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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
FORM 10-K
 
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
 
Commission file number 001-11411
 
POLARIS INDUSTRIES INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Minnesota
 
41-1790959
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
 
2100 Highway 55, Medina MN
 
55340
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
 
(763) 542-0500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of Class
 
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered 
Common Stock, $.01 par value
 
New York Stock Exchange
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨ Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No   x
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $7,601,247,000 as of June 29, 2018, based upon the last sales price per share of the registrant’s Common Stock, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on such date.
As of February 7, 2019, 60,960,672 shares of Common Stock, $.01 par value, of the registrant were outstanding.
 
 
 
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 25, 2019 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report (the “2019 Proxy Statement”), are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
 

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  POLARIS INDUSTRIES INC.
2018 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
Page
 
PART I
 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
PART II
 
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
 
 
 
 
PART III
 
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
 
 
 
 
PART IV
 
Item 15.
Item 16.
 
 

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PART I
Item 1. Business
Polaris Industries Inc., a Minnesota corporation, was formed in 1994 and is the successor to Polaris Industries Partners LP. The terms “Polaris,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” as used herein refer to the business and operations of Polaris Industries Inc., its subsidiaries and its predecessors, which began doing business in 1954. We design, engineer and manufacture powersports vehicles which include, Off-Road Vehicles (ORV), including All-Terrain Vehicles (ATV) and side-by-side vehicles for recreational and utility use, Snowmobiles, Motorcycles, Global Adjacent Markets vehicles, including Commercial, Government and Defense vehicles, and Boats. Polaris products, together with related Parts, Garments and Accessories (PG&A), as well as aftermarket accessories and apparel, are sold through dealers, distributors and retail stores principally located in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and Mexico.
Industry
Off-Road Vehicles. ORVs are four-wheel vehicles designed for off-road use and traversing rough terrain, dunes, swamps and marshland. The vehicles can be multi-passenger or single passenger, are used for recreation in such sports as fishing and hunting and for trail and dune riding, and for utility purposes on farms, ranches, and construction sites. The off-road vehicle industry is comprised of ATVs and side-by-side vehicles. The North American ATV industry decreased mid single-digits percent in 2018 with approximately 260,000 ATVs sold. Internationally, ATVs are also sold primarily in Western European countries by similar manufacturers as in North America. We estimate that during 2018 world-wide industry sales were down low single-digits percent from 2017 levels with approximately 370,000 ATVs sold worldwide. We estimate that worldwide side-by-side vehicle market sales increased mid single-digits percent during 2018 over 2017 levels with just over a half million side-by-side vehicles sold. The side-by-side market has increased consistently over the past several years primarily due to continued innovation by manufacturers. We estimate that total worldwide off-road vehicle industry sales for 2018, which include core ATVs and side-by-side vehicles, were up low singe-digits percent from 2017 levels with approximately 900,000 units sold.
Snowmobiles. Snowmobiles have been manufactured under the Polaris name since 1954. We estimate that during the season ended March 31, 2018, world-wide industry sales of snowmobiles increased mid-single digits percent from the previous season levels with approximately 125,000 units sold worldwide.
Motorcycles. Motorcycles are utilized as a mode of transportation as well as for recreational purposes. The industry is comprised of four segments: cruisers, touring, sport bikes and standard motorcycles. We entered the motorcycle market in 1998. We estimate that the combined 900cc and above cruiser and touring market segments (including the moto-roadster Slingshot®) decreased low double-digits percent in 2018 compared to 2017 levels with an estimated 190,000 heavyweight cruiser, touring, and mid-size motorcycles sold in the North American market. We estimate that during 2018, worldwide combined 900cc and above cruiser and touring market segments (including Slingshot) sales decreased mid single-digits percent from 2017 levels, with an estimated 300,000 units sold worldwide.
Global Adjacent Markets. These vehicles are designed to support people mobility as well as various commercial work applications, and include products in the light-duty hauling, people mover, industrial and urban/suburban commuting sub-sectors, as well as tactical defense vehicles. We estimate the worldwide target market for Polaris’ Adjacent Markets vehicles was over $6.0 billion in 2018, which includes light duty hauling, people movers, industrial, rental, urban/suburban commuting and related quadricycles.
Aftermarket. Aftermarket parts, garments and accessories are sold through a highly fragmented industry, which includes dealers, aftermarket e-commerce, big box retailers, distributors and specialty 4x4 retailers. We estimate the target market for Jeep and truck aftermarket accessories was approximately $10.0 billion in 2018, and the target market for Powersports aftermarket parts, garments and accessories to be approximately $2.0 billion in 2018.
Boats. Our boats are designed to compete in key segments of the recreational marine industry, including pontoon, deck, bowrider, cruiser and fishing boats. Inclusive of the segments in which we compete, we estimate total worldwide 2018 powerboats market sales were approximately $8.0 billion, with pontoon and fishing boats being two of the largest and fastest growing segments therein.
Market and Industry Data
We have obtained the market and industry data presented in this year’s Annual Report from a combination of internal surveys, third party information and estimates by management. There are limited sources that report on our markets and industries. As such, much of the market and industry data presented in this year’s Annual Report is based on internally-

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generated management estimates, including estimates based on extrapolations from third party surveys of the industries in which we compete. While we believe internal surveys, third party information and our estimates are reliable, we have not verified them, nor have they been verified by any independent sources and we have no assurance that the information contained in third party websites is current, up-to date, or accurate. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the market and industry data presented in this Annual Report, whether any such future-looking data will be accurate involves risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those factors discussed under the Forward-Looking Statements and in our Risk Factors.
Products
Off-Road Vehicles. In 2018, we continued to be the North American market share leader in Off-Road Vehicles. Our Off-Road Vehicle lineup includes the RZR® sport side-by-side, the RANGER® utility side-by-side, the GENERALcrossover side-by-side, the Sportsman® ATV and the Polaris ACE®. The full line (excluding military vehicles) spans 56 models, including two-, four- and six-wheel drive general purpose and recreational vehicles. 2019 model year suggested retail prices range from approximately $2,300 to $31,000 in the United States.
Our lineup continues to expand through the introduction of electric ORVs and gas and diesel commercial focused ORVs. In many of our segments, we offer youth, value, mid-size, premium and extreme-performance vehicles, which come in both single passenger and multi-passenger seating arrangements. Key 2018 ORV product introductions included the all-new RANGER CREW® XP 1000 EPS High Lifter Edition, the RZR XP® Turbo S, the RZR® RS1, and the RANGER® 150 EFI.     
We produce or supply a variety of replacement parts and Polaris Engineered Accessories® for our ORVs. ORV accessories include winches, bumper/brushguards, plows, racks, wheels and tires, pull-behinds, cab systems, lighting and audio systems, cargo box accessories, tracks and oil. We also market a full line of recreational apparel related to our ORVs, including helmets, jackets, gloves, pants and hats.
Snowmobiles. For the season ended ended March 31, 2018, we hold the number two market share position for North America. We produce a full line of snowmobiles consisting of 29 models, ranging from youth models to utility and economy models to performance and competition models. The 2019 model year suggested retail prices range from approximately $3,000 to $15,200 in the United States. Polaris snowmobiles are sold principally in the United States, Canada, Russia and Northern Europe. Key 2018 snowmobile product introductions included the all-new Polaris INDY EVO and the 850 Patriot engine. We also manufacture a snow bike conversion kit system under the Timbersled brand. The 2019 model year suggested retail prices on the Timbersled systems range from approximately $2,000 to $6,200.
We produce or supply a variety of replacement parts and Polaris Engineered Accessories® for our snowmobiles and snow bike conversion kits. Snowmobile accessories include covers, traction products, reverse kits, electric starters, tracks, bags, windshields, oil and lubricants. We also market a full line of recreational apparel for our snowmobiles, including helmets, goggles, jackets, gloves, boots, bibs, pants and hats. Apparel is designed to our specifications, purchased from independent vendors and sold by us through our dealers, distributors, and online.
Motorcycles. As of the end of 2018, we hold the number two position in North American market share for the 900cc+ category. Our Motorcycles lineup includes Indian Motorcycles and Slingshot, a 3-wheel open air roadster. Our 2019 model year line of motorcycles for Indian and Slingshot consists of 21 models with suggested retail prices ranging from approximately $9,500 to $31,000 in the United States. In 2018, Indian Motorcycles debuted its much anticipated flat track inspired street bike, FTR 1200.
We produce or supply a variety of replacement parts and accessories for our motorcycles. Motorcycle accessories include saddle bags, handlebars, backrests, exhausts, windshields, seats, oil and various chrome accessories. We also market a full line of recreational apparel for our motorcycles, including helmets, jackets, leathers and hats. Apparel is designed to our specifications, purchased from independent vendors and sold by us through our dealers and distributors, and online under our brand names.
Global Adjacent Markets. Our brands include GEM, Goupil, Aixam and Taylor-Dunn, offering low emission vehicles, light duty hauling, passenger vehicles and industrial vehicles. Across these brands we offer 69 models with suggested retail prices ranging from approximately $6,100 to $79,500. Global Adjacent Markets also includes all business-to-business (B2B) applications of ORV, Snowmobiles, and Motorcycles outside of our traditional dealer channels. In addition, we offer ATVs and side-by-side vehicles with features specifically designed for ultra-light tactical military applications. These vehicles provide versatile mobility for up to nine passengers, and include DAGOR, Sportsman MV

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and MRZR®. Our standard line of military and government vehicles consists of six models at suggested United States retail prices ranging from approximately $11,000 to $196,000.
Aftermarket. Our aftermarket portfolio of brands include Transamerican Auto Parts (“TAP”), which is a vertically integrated manufacturer, distributor, retailer and installer of off-road Jeep and truck accessories. Industry-leading brands owned by TAP include Pro Comp, Smittybilt, Rubicon Express, Poison Spyder, Trail Master, LRG and G2 Axle & Gear.
Other brands within our aftermarket portfolio include Kolpin, Pro Armor, Klim, 509, and Trail Tech. Aftermarket brands in our off-road category include Kolpin, a lifestyle brand specializing in purpose-built and universal-fit accessories for UTVs and outdoor enthusiasts, and Pro Armor®, a lineup that specializes in accessories for performance side-by-side vehicles and ATVs. Aftermarket brands in our snowmobile category include Klim, which specializes in premium technical riding gear for the snowmobile, motorcycle and off-road industries, and 509, which is an aftermarket leader in snowmobile apparel, helmets and goggles.
Boats. Our brands include Bennington, Godfrey, Hurricane, Rinker, Larson, and Striper with a full offering of pontoon, deck, bowrider, cruiser and fishing boats. These brands are strategically positioned with over 300 base models across a range of price points. We also offer custom layouts and features and work with numerous engine OEMs enabling customers to build exactly what they want. Suggested retail prices range from approximately $13,000 to $400,000. In 2018, Polaris Boats, including the Bennington and Godfrey brands, was the market share leader in pontoon boats and our Hurricane brand was the market share leader in deck boats.
Significant Acquisitions
Boats. On July 2, 2018, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 29, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Boat Holdings, LLC, a privately held Delaware limited liability company, headquartered in Elkhart, Indiana which manufactures boats (“Boat Holdings”).
The transaction was structured as an acquisition of 100% of the outstanding equity interests in Boat Holdings for aggregate consideration of $806.7 million, net of cash acquired, subject to customary adjustments based on, among other things, the amount of cash, debt and working capital in the business of Boat Holdings at the closing date. A portion of the aggregate consideration equal to $100.0 million will be paid in the form of a series of deferred annual payments over 12 years following the closing date.
We funded the purchase price for the acquisition by amending, extending, and up-sizing our credit facility and with the proceeds of the issuance of 4.23% Senior Notes, Series 2018, due July 3, 2028.
Transamerican Auto Parts. On October 11, 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement with TAP Automotive Holdings, LLC (“Transamerican Auto Parts” or “TAP”), to acquire the outstanding equity interests in Transamerican Auto Parts, a privately held, vertically integrated manufacturer, distributor, retailer and installer of off-road Jeep® and truck accessories, for an aggregate consideration of $668.3 million, net of cash acquired. The transaction closed on November 10, 2016. We funded the purchase price with borrowings under our existing credit facilities.
Manufacturing and Distribution Operations
Our products are primarily assembled at our 19 global manufacturing facilities. We are vertically integrated in several key components of our manufacturing process, including plastic injection molding, welding, clutch assembly and painting. Fuel tanks, tracks, tires, seats and instruments, and certain other component parts are purchased from third-party vendors. Raw materials or standard parts are readily available from multiple sources for the components manufactured by us. Polaris Boats has a long-term supply contract with an engine manufacturer, which requires a certain share of total engine purchases, and include favorable pricing, as well as various growth and volume incentives. 
We do not anticipate any significant difficulties in obtaining substitute supply arrangements for other raw materials or components that we generally obtain from limited sources (however our costs could increase if we are required to switch suppliers).
Contract carriers ship our products from our manufacturing and distribution facilities to our customers. We maintain several leased wholegoods distribution centers where final set-up and up-fitting is completed for certain models before shipment to customers.
Our corporate headquarters facility is in Medina, Minnesota, and we maintain 30 other sales and administrative facilities across the world. Our products are distributed to our dealers, distributors and customers through a network of 33 distribution centers, including third-party providers.

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Production Scheduling
We produce and deliver our products throughout the year based on dealer, distributor and customer orders. Side-by-side orders are placed in approximately two-week intervals for the high volume dealers driven by retail sales trends at the individual dealership. Smaller dealers utilize a similar process, but on a less frequent ordering cycle. Side-by-side retail sales activity at the dealer level drives orders which are incorporated into each product’s production scheduling. International distributor ORV orders are taken throughout the year. Orders for each year’s production of snowmobiles are placed by the dealers and distributors in the spring.
We utilize our Retail Flow Management (RFM) ordering system for motorcycle, side-by-side and ATV dealers. The RFM system allows dealers to order daily, create a segment stocking order, and eventually reduce order fulfillment times to what we expect will be less than three weeks.
For snowmobiles, we offer a pre-order SnowCheck program in the spring for our customers that assists us in production planning. This program allows our customers to order a true factory-customized snowmobile by selecting various options, including chassis, track, suspension, colors and accessories. Manufacture of snowmobiles commences in late winter of the previous season and continues through late autumn or early winter of the current season. We manufacture ORVs, motorcycles and people mobility vehicles year round.
For boats, through the use of offseason incentive programs, we adhere to level production throughout the year, minimizing disruption to the workforce and vendor network. 
Sales and Marketing
Our products are sold through a network of approximately 2,250 independent dealers in North America, and approximately 1,400 independent international dealers through 31 subsidiaries and approximately 85 independent distributors in over 120 countries outside of North America. A majority of our dealers and distributors are multi-line and also carry competitor products, however few carry our full line of products and, while relatively consistent, the actual number of dealers can vary from time to time.
ORV/Snowmobiles. We sell our ORVs directly to a network of over 1,450 dealers. Many of our ORV dealers and distributors are also authorized snowmobile dealers, and are located in the snowbelt regions of the United States and Canada. We sell our snowmobiles to a network of approximately 650 dealers.
Motorcycles. Indian motorcycles and Slingshot are distributed directly through independently owned dealers and distributors, except in Australia where we have four Company-owned retail stores. Indian motorcycles are sold through a network of approximately 200 North American dealers, and Slingshot currently has approximately 400 North American dealers.
Global Adjacent Markets. Within Global Adjacent Markets, our vehicles each have their own distribution networks through which their respective vehicles are distributed. GEM has approximately 200 dealers. Goupil and Aixam sell directly to customers in France, through subsidiaries in certain Western European countries and through several dealers and distributors for markets outside such countries. Taylor-Dunn has approximately 200 United States dealers and approximately 50 international dealers.
In addition, we sell Polaris vehicles directly to military and government agencies and other national accounts and supply a highly differentiated side-by-side vehicle to Bobcat Company. We have a partnership with Ariens Company (“Ariens”), a manufacturer of outdoor power equipment. Through the partnership, we leverage each other’s dealer networks, share certain technologies and research and development, and supply Ariens with a highly differentiated work vehicle to sell through its dealer network.
Aftermarket. TAP sells through its retail stores, call center and e-commerce sites, while also supporting numerous independent accessory retailers/installers through their wholesale distribution network. TAP conducts business through a three-pronged sales, service, and manufacturing paradigm. TAP has 93 brick-and-mortar 4 Wheel Parts retail centers, staffed with experienced product and installation specialists. TAP’s omni-channel retail strategy includes a significant e-commerce business with 4WheelParts.com and 4WD.com. The TAP e-commerce network facilitates consumer sales, service and support, including “pick-up-in-store.”
Kolpin Outdoors, Pro Armor and Trail Tech are marketed through Apex Product Group, a unified sales and customer service company, which makes it easier and more efficient for dealers to purchase those brands. Klim and 509 each have their own dealer/distributor networks.

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Boats. In a highly fragmented industry, our extensive, experienced and loyal network of over 500 active dealers is a competitive advantage, helping to generate steady demand. Concentrated primarily in North America, this dealer network is organized into distinct sales territories supported by experienced sales reps and leadership.
Dealer agreements. Dealers and distributors sell our products under contractual arrangements pursuant to which the dealer or distributor is authorized to market specified products and is required to carry certain replacement parts and perform certain warranty and other services. Changes in dealers and distributors take place from time to time. We believe a sufficient number of qualified dealers and distributors exist in all geographic areas.
Floor plan financing. Polaris Acceptance provides floor plan financing to our dealers in the United States under our current partnership agreement with Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo acquired the business in 2016. We have a 50 percent equity interest in Polaris Acceptance, and do not guarantee the outstanding indebtedness of Polaris Acceptance. As part of the agreement, Polaris sells portions of its receivable portfolio to a securitization facility (“Securitization Facility”), from time to time on an ongoing basis. The partnership agreement is effective through February 2022. See Notes 6 and 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of this financial services arrangement.
We have arrangements with Polaris Acceptance (United States), Wells Fargo affiliates (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, China and New Zealand), and TCF Financial Corporation (“TCF”) to provide floor plan financing for our dealers. A majority of our North American sales of snowmobiles, ORVs, motorcycles, boats, and related PG&A are financed under arrangements whereby we are paid within a few days of shipment of our product. We participate in the cost of dealer financing and have agreed to repurchase products from the finance companies under certain circumstances and subject to certain limitations. We have not historically been required to repurchase a significant number of units; however, there can be no assurance that this will continue to be the case. See Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of these financial services arrangements.
Customer financing. We do not offer consumer financing directly to the end users of our products. Instead, we have agreements in place with various third party financing companies, to provide financing services to those end consumers.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of Polaris has a multi-year agreement with Sheffield Financial (“Sheffield”) pursuant to which Sheffield agreed to make available closed-end installment consumer and commercial credit to customers of our dealers for Polaris products. The current installment credit agreement under which Sheffield provides installment credit lending for ORVs, snowmobiles and certain other Polaris products expires in December 2020.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of Polaris entered into a multi-year agreement with Evergreen Bank Group in September 2016. The agreement established Performance Finance as a division of Evergreen Bank Group, and is exclusively focused on the financing of Polaris motorcycles. The current installment credit agreement under which Performance Finance provides installment credit lending for motorcycles expires in December 2021.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of Polaris has a multi-year contract with Synchrony Bank, under which Synchrony Bank makes available closed-end installment consumer and commercial credit to customers of our dealers for both Polaris and non-Polaris products. The current installment credit agreement under which Synchrony Bank provides installment credit lending for Polaris products expires in December 2020.
Marketing. Our marketing activities are designed primarily to promote and communicate directly with consumers to assist the selling and marketing efforts of our dealers and distributors. We make available and advertise discount or rebate programs, retail financing or other incentives for our dealers and distributors to remain price competitive in order to accelerate retail sales to consumers. We advertise our products directly to consumers using print advertising in the industry press and in user group publications and on the internet, social media, billboards, television and radio. We also provide media advertising and partially underwrite dealer and distributor media advertising to a degree and on terms which vary by product and from year to year. We produce promotional films for our products, which are available to dealers for use in the showroom or at special promotions. We also provide product brochures, posters, dealer signs and miscellaneous other promotional items for use by dealers.
We spent $491.8 million, $471.8 million and $342.2 million for sales and marketing activities in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Engineering, Research and Development, and New Product Introduction
We have approximately 1,100 employees who are engaged in the development and testing of existing products and research and development of new products and improved production techniques, located primarily in our Roseau and Wyoming, Minnesota facilities and in Burgdorf, Switzerland.

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We utilize internal combustion engine testing facilities to design engine configurations for our products. We utilize specialized facilities for matching engine, exhaust system and clutch performance parameters in our products to achieve desired fuel consumption, power output, noise level and other objectives. Our engineering department is equipped to make small quantities of new product prototypes for testing and for the planning of manufacturing procedures. In addition, we maintain numerous facilities where each of the products is extensively tested under actual use conditions. We utilize our Wyoming, Minnesota facility for engineering, design and development personnel for our line of engines and powertrains, ORVs, motorcycles, and certain Global Adjacent Market vehicles, and our Roseau, Minnesota facility for our snowmobile and certain ATV research and development. We utilize our Elkhart, Indiana facility for engineering, design and development for our boats research and development. We also own Swissauto Powersports Ltd., an engineering company that develops high performance and high efficiency engines and innovative vehicles.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and nondisclosure and non-competition agreements to establish and protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology. We have filed and obtained numerous patents in the United States and abroad, and regularly file patent applications worldwide in our continuing effort to establish and protect our proprietary technology. Additionally, we have numerous registered trademarks, trade names and logos in the United States, Canada and other international countries.
Competition
The off-road vehicle, snowmobile, motorcycle, boat, people mobility and work utility solutions, and aftermarket industries in the United States, Canada and other global markets are highly competitive. As a powersports original equipment manufacturer (OEM), our competition primarily comes from North American and Asian manufacturers. As a boat OEM, our competition primarily comes from North American and European manufacturers. For our aftermarket business, our competition is highly fragmented across the retail and online channels. Competition in such markets is based upon a number of factors, including price, quality, reliability, styling, product features and warranties. At the dealer level, competition is based on a number of factors, including sales and marketing support programs (such as financing and cooperative advertising). Certain of our competitors are more diversified, benefit from different laws and regulatory schemes outside the US, and have financial and marketing resources that are substantially greater than those of Polaris.
 We believe that our products are competitively priced and our sales and marketing support programs for dealers are comparable to those provided by our competitors. Our products compete with many other recreational products for the discretionary spending of consumers, and to a lesser extent, with other vehicles designed for utility applications.
Product Safety & Regulatory Affairs
Product safety regulations. Federal, state and local governments around the world have promulgated and/or are considering promulgating laws and regulations relating to the safety of our products. For example, in the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has federal oversight over product safety issues related to snowmobiles, snow-bikes and off-road vehicles. The National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) has federal oversight over product safety issues related to motorcycles (including Slingshot) and on-road people mobility vehicles (including GEM). The U.S. Coast Guard (part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security) is the federal agency responsible for maritime safety, security and environmental stewardship in U.S. ports and waterways.

In August 2008, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (“Act”) was passed which, among other things, required ATV manufacturers and distributors to comply with previously voluntary American National Standards Institute (ANSI) safety standards developed by the Specialty Vehicle Institute of America (SVIA). The Act also requires CPSC to update the mandatory standard (if it deems doing so to be appropriate) based on updates to the voluntary ANSI/SVIA standards, which has occurred.  The Act also includes a provision that requires the CPSC to complete an ATV rulemaking process it started in August 2006 regarding the need for safety standards or increased safety standards for ATVs.  This process has not yet resulted in the issuance of a final rule.  We believe that our products comply with all applicable CPSC, ANSI and/or SVIA safety standards, as well as all other applicable safety standards in the U.S. or internationally.  In addition, we have had an action plan on file with the CPSC since 1998 regarding safety related issues.

In October 2009, the CPSC published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking regarding ROV safety under the Consumer Product Safety Act. In December 2014, the CPSC published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that includes proposed mandatory safety standards for ROVs in the areas of lateral stability, steering and handling, and occupant retention. Polaris, by itself and through ROHVA, has expressed concerns about the proposed mandatory standards,

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whether they would actually reduce ROV incident rates, whether the proposed tests are repeatable and appropriate for ROVs, and the unintended safety consequences that could result from them. As a result of those concerns, revisions to the voluntary ANSI/ROHVA standard were proposed. In 2015, CPSC staff expressed support for the proposed 2016 revisions to the ANSI standard, and subsequently recommended that the CPSC terminate its rule-making process. We are unable to predict the outcome of the CPSC rule-making process or the ultimate impact of any resulting rules on our business and operating results.
We are a member of the Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle Association (ROHVA), which was established to promote the safe and responsible use of side-by-side vehicles also known as Recreational Off-Highway Vehicles (ROVs), a category that includes our RANGER, Polaris GENERAL, RZR, and Polaris ACE vehicles. Since early 2008, ROHVA has been engaged in a comprehensive process for developing through ANSI and updating voluntary standards for equipment, configuration and performance requirements of ROVs. Comments on the draft standards have been actively solicited from the CPSC and other stakeholders as part of the ANSI process. The standard, which addresses stability, occupant retention and other safety performance criteria, was approved and published by ANSI in March 2010, and then revised in 2011, 2014 and 2016.  We believe that our products comply with all applicable ROHVA/ANSI safety standards, as well as all other applicable safety standards in the U.S. or internationally.
We are a member of the International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association (ISMA), a trade association formed among other reasons to promote safety in the manufacture and use of snowmobiles. ISMA members include all of the major snowmobile manufacturers. The ISMA members are also members of the Snowmobile Safety and Certification Committee, which promulgated voluntary sound and safety standards for snowmobiles that have been adopted as regulations in some states of the United States and in Canada. These standards require testing and evaluation by an independent testing laboratory. We believe that our snow products comply with all applicable U.S. and international safety standards.
Motorcycles and certain people mobility vehicles are subject to certain U.S. and foreign vehicle safety and equipment standards, including those standards administered by the NHTSA.  Our products and their operators are also subject to various international state and local vehicle equipment and safety standards. Our products are occasionally classified differently in various international jurisdictions.  For example, our Slingshot vehicle is classified as a motorcycle under U.S. federal law, but may be classified differently in other jurisdictions. We believe our motorcycles (including Slingshot), people mobility vehicles, and all other of our on-road products comply with all applicable U.S and international safety and equipment standards pursuant to each product’s classification.
Our maritime products are subject to marine safety regulations for vessels developed and enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard and its foreign equivalents.  We believe that our marine products comply with all applicable U.S. and international safety, design, construction and equipment standards.  We are committed to improving recreational boating safety, we maintain strong leadership roles in many international maritime organizations, and we have supported and continue to support a variety of government and nongovernment boating safety efforts in partnership with government agencies and marine industry associations.
Product use regulations. Federal, state and local laws and regulations around the world have been promulgated, and at various times, ordinances or legislation is introduced, relating to the use or manner of use of our products. Some government entities have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws that restrict the use of ORVs and snowmobiles to specified hours and locations. For example, the U.S. federal government also has legislative and executive authority to restrict the use of ORVs, snowmobiles and other products in national parks and on federal lands. In several instances, this restriction has been a ban on the recreational use of these products in these areas.
Environmental regulations. Federal, state and local governments around the world have adopted and/or are considering adopting laws relating to the reduction or elimination of certain substances and materials in consumer products and the reduction of vehicle greenhouse gas emissions.  These regulations are an important component of global environmental and climate protection, and therefore form a key regulatory framework in the design of our products.
For example, in the United States, the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) have both adopted regulations in these areas which are applicable to certain of our products.  Canada’s emission regulations for motorcycles, ORVs and snowmobiles are similar to those in the United States. The Europe Union currently regulates emissions from our motorcycles and certain of our ATV-based products for which we obtain whole vehicle type approvals. In 2014, the EU finalized the details of new regulations that made these European emission requirements more stringent beginning in 2016.  We executed the first motorcycle and ATV-based product certifications under these strict EU emissions standards in 2016. Emissions from certain other Polaris ORV and

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snowmobile engines in vehicles sold in the EU subsequently may be covered by the non-road mobile machinery directive currently being finalized there.  We are developing compliance solutions for these future EU emissions regulations.  We are also currently developing and obtaining engine and emission technologies to meet the requirements of future anticipated international emission standards.
We believe that our products comply with all applicable U.S. and international environmental standards and related regulations, including but not limited to all applicable emissions and product substance and materials laws.  We are unable to predict the ultimate impact of any proposed new environmental regulations on our business.  Risks may also emerge in connection with the adherence to these environmental regulatory requirements - particularly in the case of regulatory vagueness that may be interpreted differently by Polaris and the agencies responsible for the respective regulations.
Employees
Due to the seasonality of our business and certain changes in production cycles, total employment levels vary throughout the year. Despite such variations in employment levels, employee turnover has not been high. During 2018, on a worldwide basis, we employed an average of approximately 12,000 full-time persons, a nine percent increase from 2017, driven by the acquisition of Boat Holdings. Approximately 4,700 of our employees are salaried. We consider our relations with our employees to be excellent.
 Available Information
Our Internet website is http://www.polaris.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our website, our annual, quarterly and current reports, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We also make available through our website our corporate governance materials, including our Corporate Governance Guidelines, the charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and Technology Committee of our Board of Directors, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and our Corporate Stewardship Report. Any shareholder or other interested party wishing to receive a copy of these corporate governance materials should write to Polaris Industries Inc., 2100 Highway 55, Medina, Minnesota 55340, Attention: Investor Relations. Information contained on our website is not part of this report.
Forward-Looking Statements
This 2018 Annual Report contains not only historical information, but also “forward-looking statements” intended to qualify for the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These “forward-looking statements” can generally be identified as such because the context of the statement will include words such as we or our management “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “estimates” or words of similar import. Similarly, statements that describe our future plans, objectives or goals, such as future sales, shipments, net income, and net income per share, operational initiatives, tariffs, currency fluctuations, interest rates, and commodity costs, are forward-looking statements that involve certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those forward-looking statements, are also forward-looking. Forward-looking statements may also be made from time to time in oral presentations, including telephone conferences and/or webcasts open to the public.
Potential risks and uncertainties include such factors as the Company’s ability to successfully implement its manufacturing operations expansion initiatives, product offerings, promotional activities and pricing strategies by competitors; economic conditions that impact consumer spending; acquisition integration costs; product recalls, warranty expenses; impact of changes in Polaris stock price on incentive compensation plan costs; foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; environmental and product safety regulatory activity; effects of weather; commodity costs; freight and tariff costs; changes to international trade agreements; uninsured product liability claims; uncertainty in the retail and wholesale credit markets; performance of affiliate partners; changes in tax policy; relationships with dealers and suppliers; and the general overall economic and political environment. The risks and uncertainties discussed in this report are not exclusive and other factors that we may consider immaterial or do not anticipate may emerge as significant risks and uncertainties.
Any forward-looking statements made in this report or otherwise speak only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update such statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting such forward-looking statements. We advise you, however, to consult any further disclosures made on related subjects in future quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K that are filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant
Set forth below are the names of our executive officers as of February 14, 2019, their ages, titles, the year first appointed as an executive officer, and employment for the past five years:
Name
 
Age
 
Title 
Scott W. Wine
 
51
 
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer
Michael T. Speetzen
 
49
 
Executive Vice President—Finance and Chief Financial Officer
Kenneth J. Pucel
 
52
 
Executive Vice President—Global Operations, Engineering and Lean
Lucy Clark Dougherty
 
49
 
Senior Vice President—General Counsel, Compliance Officer and Secretary
Robert P. Mack
 
49
 
Senior Vice President—Corporate Development and Strategy, and President—Adjacent Markets
James P. Williams
 
56
 
Senior Vice President—Chief Human Resources Officer
Michael D. Dougherty
 
51
 
President—International
Stephen L. Eastman
 
54
 
President—Aftermarket/Parts, Garments and Accessories
Christopher S. Musso
 
44
 
President—Off-Road Vehicles
 Executive officers of the Company are elected at the discretion of the Board of Directors with no fixed terms. There are no family relationships between or among any of the executive officers or directors of the Company.
Mr. Wine joined Polaris Industries Inc. as Chief Executive Officer on September 1, 2008, and was named Chairman of the Board of Directors in January 2013.
Mr. Speetzen has been Executive Vice President—Finance and Chief Financial Officer of the Company since August 2015. Prior to joining Polaris, Mr. Speetzen was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Xylem, Inc., a provider of fluid technology and equipment solutions for water issues, since 2011, when the company was formed from the spinoff of the water businesses of ITT Corporation.
Mr. Pucel joined Polaris in December 2014 as Executive Vice President—Global Operations, Engineering and Lean. Prior to joining Polaris, Mr. Pucel was with Boston Scientific Corporation (BSC), a global provider of medical solutions, where Mr. Pucel held the position of Executive Vice President of Global Operations, Quality and Technology and was a member of BSC’s Executive Committee from 2004 to 2014.
Ms. Clark Dougherty joined Polaris in January 2018 as Senior Vice President—General Counsel, Compliance Officer and Secretary. Prior to joining Polaris, Ms. Clark Dougherty was deputy general counsel at General Motors for Global Markets, Autonomous Vehicles and Transportation as a Service since June 2017. Prior to that role, Ms. Clark Dougherty held several positions at General Motors, including Deputy General Counsel—Commercial, Product Safety, and Regulatory; Chief Legal Advisor—Global Vehicle Safety, and Vice President and General Counsel—General Motors North America from 2010 to June 2017.
Mr. Mack joined Polaris in April 2016 as Senior Vice President—Corporate Development and Strategy, and President—Adjacent Markets. Prior to joining Polaris, Mr. Mack was Vice President, Corporate Development for Ingersoll Rand plc, a diversified industrial company. In that role since July 2010, he had global responsibility for the company’s acquisition and divestiture activities.
Mr. Williams was appointed Senior Vice President—Chief Human Resources Officer in September 2015. Prior to this Mr. Williams was Vice President—Human Resources since April 2011.
Mr. Dougherty has been President—International since September 2015.  Prior to his current role, he was Vice President—Asia Pacific and Latin America since August 2011.
Mr. Eastman has been President—Aftermarket/Parts, Garments and Accessories since September 2015. Prior to his current role, he was Vice President—Parts, Garments and Accessories since February 2012.
Mr. Musso joined Polaris in November 2017 as President—Off-Road Vehicles. Prior to joining Polaris, Mr. Musso was a senior partner and leader of McKinsey & Company’s Americas Product Development group, where he focused on helping clients pursue growth through enhancing their product development and innovation strategies from 2005 to October 2017.


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Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following are significant factors known to us that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or operating results, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock.
A significant adverse determination in any material litigation claim against us could adversely affect our operating results or financial condition.
The manufacture, sale and usage of our products expose us to significant risks associated with product liability claims. If our products are defective or used incorrectly by our customers, bodily injury, property damage or other injury, including death, may result and this could give rise to product liability or economic loss claims against us or adversely affect our brand image or reputation. Any losses that we may suffer from any such claims, and the effect that any such liability may have upon the reputation and marketability of our products, may have a negative impact on our business and operating results.
Because of the high cost of product liability insurance premiums and the historically insignificant amount of product liability claims paid by us, we were self-insured from 1985 to 1996 and from 2002 to 2012. From 1996 to 2002, and beginning again in 2012, we purchased excess insurance coverage for catastrophic product liability claims for incidents occurring subsequent to the policy date that exceeded our self-insured retention levels. The estimated costs resulting from any losses are charged to expense when it is probable a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably determinable.
We had a product liability reserve accrued on our balance sheet of $52.8 million at December 31, 2018 for the probable payment of pending claims related to product liability litigation associated with our products. We believe such accrual is adequate. We do not believe the outcome of any pending product liability litigation will have a material adverse effect on our operations. However, no assurance can be given that our historical claims record, which has not resulted in any material adverse effects on our financial statements, will not change or that material product liability claims against us will not be made in the future. Adverse determination of material product liability claims made against us would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Significant product repair and/or replacement costs due to product warranty claims or product recalls could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.
We provide limited warranties for our vehicles. We may also provide longer warranties related to certain promotional programs, as well as longer warranties in certain geographical markets as determined by local regulations and market conditions. We also provide a limited emission warranty for certain emission-related parts in our ORVs, snowmobiles, and motorcycles as required by the EPA and CARB. Although we employ quality control procedures, sometimes a product is distributed that needs repair or replacement. Our standard warranties require us or our dealers to repair or replace defective products during such warranty periods at no cost to the consumer.
Historically, product recalls have been administered through our dealers and distributors. The repair and replacement costs we could incur in connection with a recall could adversely affect our business. For example, in 2018 we voluntarily initiated product campaigns, including service bulletins, safety-related recalls, and emissions actions. In addition, product recalls could harm our reputation and cause us to lose customers, particularly if recalls cause consumers to question the safety or reliability of our products.
Our business may be sensitive to economic conditions, including those that impact consumer spending.
Our results of operations may be sensitive to changes in overall economic conditions, primarily in North America and Europe, that impact consumer spending, including discretionary spending. Weakening of, and fluctuations in, economic conditions affecting disposable consumer income such as employment levels, business conditions, changes in housing market conditions, capital markets, tax rates, savings rates, interest rates, fuel and energy costs, the impacts of natural disasters and acts of terrorism and other matters, including the availability of consumer credit, could reduce overall consumer spending or reduce consumer spending on powersports and aftermarket products. A general reduction in consumer spending or a reduction in consumer spending on powersports, boats and aftermarket products could adversely affect our sales growth and profitability. Overall demand for products sold in the Jeep and truck aftermarket is dependent upon many factors including the total number of vehicle miles driven in the United States, the total number of registered vehicles in the United States, the age and quality of these registered vehicles and the level of unemployment in the United States. Adverse changes in these factors could lead to a decreased level of demand for our products, which could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

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In addition, we have financial services partnership arrangements with subsidiaries of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and TCF Financial Corporation that require us to repurchase products financed and repossessed by the partnership, subject to certain limitations. For calendar year 2018, our maximum aggregate repurchase obligation was approximately $366.6 million. If adverse changes to economic conditions result in increased defaults on the loans made by this financial services partnership, our repurchase obligation under the partnership arrangement could adversely affect our liquidity and harm our business.
Termination or interruption of informal supply arrangements could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.
We have informal supply arrangements with many of our suppliers. In the event of a termination of the supply arrangement, there can be no assurance that alternate supply arrangements will be made on satisfactory terms. If we need to enter into supply arrangements on unsatisfactory terms, or if there are any delays to our supply arrangements, it could adversely affect our business and operating results.
Increases in the cost of raw material, commodity and transportation costs and shortages of certain raw materials could negatively impact our business.
The primary commodities used in manufacturing our products are aluminum, steel, petroleum-based resins and certain rare earth metals used in our charging systems, as well as diesel fuel to transport the products. Our profitability is affected by significant fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials and commodities we use in our products. Additionally, the current political landscape has introduced significant uncertainty with respect to future trade regulations and existing international trade agreements. The U.S. has initiated tariffs on certain foreign goods, including raw materials, commodities, and products manufactured outside the United States that are used in our manufacturing processes, which has increased our cost of sales. In response, certain foreign governments have imposed tariffs on certain U.S. goods, and are considering imposing additional tariffs on other U.S. goods, including goods that we sell internationally. The tariffs imposed to date, the possibility of additional retaliatory trade actions stemming from these tariffs, and the potential negative outcome of the U.S. Government’s section 232 investigation regarding automobiles and automobile parts could continue to increase our cost of sales, both directly and as a result of price increases implemented by domestic suppliers, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers. The impact from these tariffs could also result in decreased demand for our products or restructuring actions that could impact our work force and/or our investments in research and development or other growth initiatives. All of these could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in our reported sales and net earnings.
The changing relationships of the United States dollar to the Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, the Euro, the Swiss franc, the Mexican peso, and certain other foreign currencies have from time to time had a negative impact on our results of operations. Fluctuations in the value of the United States dollar relative to these foreign currencies can adversely affect the price of our products in foreign markets, the costs we incur to import certain components for our products, and the translation of our foreign balance sheets. While we actively manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates by entering into foreign exchange hedging contracts from time to time, these contracts hedge foreign currency denominated transactions, and any change in the fair value of the contracts would be offset by changes in the underlying value of the transactions being hedged.
We face intense competition in all product lines, including from some competitors that have greater financial and marketing resources. Failure to compete effectively against competitors could negatively impact our business and operating results.
The markets we operate in are highly competitive. Competition in such markets is based upon a number of factors, including price, quality, reliability, styling, product features and warranties. At the dealer level, competition is based on a number of factors, including sales and marketing support programs (such as financing and cooperative advertising). Certain of our competitors are more diversified and have financial and marketing resources that are substantially greater than ours, which allow these competitors to invest more heavily in intellectual property, product development and advertising. If we are not able to compete with new or enhanced products or models of our competitors, our future business performance may be materially and adversely affected. Internationally, our products typically face more competition where certain foreign competitors manufacture and market products in their respective countries. This allows those competitors to sell products at lower prices, which could adversely affect our competitiveness. In addition, our products compete with many other recreational products for the discretionary spending of consumers and, to a lesser

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extent, with other vehicles designed for utility applications. A failure to effectively compete with these other competitors could have a material adverse effect on our performance.
We manufacture our products at, and distribute our products from, several locations in North America and internationally. Any disruption at any of these facilities or manufacturing delays could adversely affect our business and operating results.
We manufacture most of our products at 19 locations, including North American and international facilities. We also have several locations that serve as wholegoods and PG&A distribution centers, warehouses and office facilities. In addition, we have agreements with other third-party manufacturers to manufacture products on our behalf. These facilities may be affected by natural or man-made disasters and other external events, including operational and logistical manufacturing execution. In the event that one of our manufacturing facilities was affected by a disaster or other event, we could be forced to shift production to one of our other manufacturing facilities. Although we maintain insurance for damage to our property and disruption of our business from casualties, such insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses. Any disruption in our manufacturing capacity could have an adverse impact on our ability to produce sufficient inventory of our products or may require us to incur additional expenses in order to produce sufficient inventory, and therefore, may adversely affect our net sales and operating results. Any disruption or delay at our manufacturing facilities could impair our ability to meet the demands of our customers, and our customers may cancel orders or purchase products from our competitors, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
If we are unable to continue to enhance existing products and develop and market new or enhanced products that respond to customer needs and preferences, we may experience a decrease in demand for our products and our business could suffer.
One of our growth strategies is to develop innovative, customer-valued products to generate revenue growth. Our sales from new products in the past have represented a significant component of our sales and are expected to continue to represent a significant component of our future sales. We may not be able to compete as effectively with our competitors, and ultimately satisfy the needs and preferences of our customers, unless we can continue to enhance existing products and develop new innovative products in the global markets in which we compete. Product development requires significant financial, technological and other resources. While we expended $259.7 million, $238.3 million and $185.1 million for research and development efforts in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, there can be no assurance that this level of investment in research and development will be sufficient to maintain our competitive advantage in product innovation, which could cause our business to suffer. Product improvements and new product introductions also require significant planning, design, development, and testing at the technological, product, and manufacturing process levels and we may not be able to timely develop product improvements or new products. Our competitors’ new products may beat our products to market and be more attractive with more features and/or less expensive than our products.
Our continued success is dependent on positive perceptions of our Polaris brands which, if impaired, could adversely affect our sales.
We believe that our Polaris brands are one of the reasons our customers choose our products. To be successful, we must preserve our reputation. Reputational value is based in large part on perceptions, and broad access to social media makes it easy for anyone to provide public feedback that can influence perceptions of our company. It may be difficult to control negative publicity, regardless of whether it is accurate. While reputations may take decades to build, any negative incidents can quickly erode trust and confidence, particularly if they result in negative mainstream and social media publicity, governmental investigations, or litigation. Negative incidents, such as quality and safety concerns or incidents related to our products, could lead to tangible adverse effects on our business, including lost sales or employee retention and recruiting difficulties. In addition, vendors and others with whom we choose to do business may affect our reputation.
We depend on suppliers, financing sources and other strategic partners who may be sensitive to economic conditions that could affect their businesses in a manner that adversely affects their relationship with us.
We source component parts and raw materials through numerous suppliers and have relationships with a limited number of product financing sources for our dealers and consumers. Our sales growth and profitability could be adversely affected if deterioration of economic or business conditions results in a weakening of the financial condition of a material number of our suppliers or financing sources, or if uncertainty about the economy or the demand for our products causes these business partners to voluntarily or involuntarily reduce or terminate their relationship with us.

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We intend to grow our business through potential acquisitions, non-consolidating investments, alliances and new joint ventures and partnerships, which could be risky and could harm our business.
One of our growth strategies is to drive growth in our businesses and accelerate opportunities to expand our global presence through targeted acquisitions, non-consolidating investments, alliances, and new joint ventures and partnerships that add value while considering our existing brands and product portfolio. The benefits of an acquisition, non-consolidating investment, new joint venture or partnership may take more time than expected to develop or integrate into our operations, and we cannot guarantee that acquisitions, non-consolidating investments, alliances, joint ventures or partnerships will ultimately produce any benefits.
There can be no assurance that acquisitions will be consummated or that, if consummated, they will be successful. Acquisitions pose risks with respect to our ability to project and evaluate market demand, potential synergies and cost savings, make correct accounting estimates and achieve anticipated business goals and objectives. As we continue to grow, in part, through acquisitions, our success depends on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks. If acquired businesses do not achieve forecasted results or otherwise fail to meet projections, it could affect our results of operations.
Acquisitions present a number of integration risks. For example, the acquisition may: disrupt operations in core, adjacent or acquired businesses; require more time than anticipated to be fully integrated into our operations and systems; create more costs than projected; divert management attention; create the potential of losing customer, supplier or other critical business relationships; and pose difficulties retaining employees. The inability to successfully integrate new businesses may result in higher production costs, lost sales or otherwise negatively affect earnings and financial results.
Our business, properties and products are subject to extensive United States federal and state and international safety, environmental and other government regulation and any failure to comply with these regulations could harm our reputation, expose us to damages and otherwise adversely affect our business. In addition, changes to regulations may require us to incur expenses or modify product offerings in order to maintain compliance with the actions of regulators and could decrease the demand for our products.
Our business, properties, and products are subject to numerous international, federal, state, and other governmental laws, rules, and regulations relating to, among other things: climate change; emissions to air; discharges to water; restrictions placed on water usage and water availability; product and associated packaging; use of certain chemicals; import and export compliance, including country of origin certification requirements; worker and product user health and safety; energy efficiency; product life-cycles; outdoor noise laws; and the generation, use, handling, labeling, collection, management, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of hazardous substances, wastes, and other regulated materials. Although we believe that we are in substantial compliance with currently applicable laws, rules, and regulations, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact of adopted or future laws, rules, and regulations on our business, properties, or products. Any of these laws, rules, or regulations may cause us to incur significant expenses to achieve or maintain compliance, require us to modify our products, adversely affect the price of or demand for some of our products, and ultimately affect the way we conduct our operations. Failure to comply with any of these laws, rules, or regulations could result in harm to our reputation and/or could lead to fines and other penalties, including restrictions on the importation of our products into, and the sale of our products in, one or more jurisdictions until compliance is achieved.
Failure to establish and maintain the appropriate level of dealers and distributor relationships or weak economic conditions impacting those relationships may negatively impact our business and operating results.
We distribute our products through numerous dealers and distributors and rely on them to retail our products to the end customers. Our sales growth and profitability could be adversely affected if deterioration of economic or business conditions results in a weakening of the financial condition of a material number of our dealers and distributors. Additionally, weak demand for, or quality issues with, our products may cause dealers and distributors to voluntarily or involuntarily reduce or terminate their relationship with us. Further, if we fail to establish and maintain an appropriate level of dealers and distributors for each of our products, we may not obtain adequate market coverage for the desired level of retail sales of our products.
Retail credit market deterioration and volatility may restrict the ability of our retail customers to finance the purchase of our products and adversely affect our income from financial services.
We have arrangements with each of Performance Finance, Sheffield Financial and Synchrony Bank to make retail financing available to consumers who purchase our products in the United States. During 2018, consumers financed

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approximately 35 percent of the vehicles we sold in the United States through these installment retail credit programs. Furthermore, some customers use financing from lenders who do not partner with us, such as local banks and credit unions. There can be no assurance that retail financing will continue to be available in the same amounts and under the same terms that had been previously available to our customers. If retail financing is not available to customers on satisfactory terms, it is possible that our sales and profitability could be adversely affected. Our income from financial services is also affected by changes in interest rates.
Our reliance upon patents, trademark laws, and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights may not be sufficient to protect our intellectual property from others who may sell similar products and may lead to costly litigation.
We hold patents and trademarks relating to various aspects of our products, such as our patented “on demand” all-wheel drive, and believe that proprietary technical know-how is important to our business. Proprietary rights relating to our products are protected from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents or trademarks or are maintained in confidence as trade secrets. We cannot be certain that we will be issued any patents from any pending or future patent applications owned by or licensed to us or that the claims allowed under any issued patents will be sufficiently broad to protect our technology. In the absence of enforceable patent or trademark protection, we may be vulnerable to competitors who attempt to copy our products, gain access to our trade secrets and know-how or diminish our brand through unauthorized use of our trademarks, all of which could adversely affect our business. Others may initiate litigation to challenge the validity of our patents, or allege that we infringe their patents, or they may use their resources to design comparable products that do not infringe our patents. We may incur substantial costs if our competitors initiate litigation to challenge the validity of our patents, or allege that we infringe their patents, or if we initiate proceedings to protect our proprietary rights. If the outcome of any such litigation is unfavorable to us, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. Regardless of whether litigation relating to our intellectual property rights is successful, the litigation could significantly increase our costs and divert management’s attention from operation of our business, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We also cannot be certain that our products or technologies have not infringed or will not infringe the proprietary rights of others. Any such infringement could cause third parties, including our competitors, to bring claims against us, resulting in significant costs, possible damages and substantial uncertainty.
Our international operations require significant management attention and financial resources, expose us to difficulties presented by international economic, political, legal, accounting, and business factors, and may not be successful or produce desired levels of sales and profitability.
Approximately 13 percent of our total sales during 2018 were generated outside of North America, and we intend to continue to expand our international operations as one part of our long-term strategic objectives. To support that strategy, we must increase our presence outside of North America, including adding employees and continuing to invest in business infrastructure and operations. These investments might not produce the returns we expect, which could adversely affect our profitability. International operations and sales also are inherently subject to various risks. These risks include:
political and economic instability;
increased costs of customizing products for foreign countries;
the imposition of additional U.S. and foreign governmental controls or regulations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;
withdrawal from or revision to international trade agreements;
the imposition or increases in import and export licensing and other compliance requirements, customs duties and tariffs, import and export quotas and other trade restrictions, license obligations, and other non-tariff barriers to trade;
the imposition of U.S. and/or international sanctions against a country, company, person, or entity with whom we do business that would restrict or prohibit our business with the sanctioned country, company, person, or entity;
international pricing pressures;
laws and business practices favoring local companies;
adverse currency exchange rate fluctuations;
longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems;
higher tax rates and potentially adverse tax consequences
fluctuations in our operating performance based on our geographic mix of sales;

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transportation delays and interruptions;
national and international conflicts, including foreign policy changes or terrorist acts;
difficulties in protecting, enforcing or defending intellectual property rights; and
multiple, changing, and often inconsistent enforcement of laws, rules, and regulations, including rules relating to environmental, health, and safety matters.
The realization of any of these risks or unfavorable changes in the political, regulatory and business climate in any of the jurisdictions where we operate could have a material adverse effect on our total sales, financial condition, profitability, or cash flows.
Changing weather conditions may reduce demand and negatively impact net sales and production of certain of our products.
Lack of snowfall in any year in any particular geographic region may adversely affect snowmobile retail sales and related PG&A sales in that region. Additionally, to the extent that unfavorable weather conditions are exacerbated by global climate change or other factors, our sales may be affected to a greater degree than we have previously experienced. There is no assurance that weather conditions or natural disasters could not have a material effect on our sales, production capability or component supply continuity for any of our products.
An impairment in the carrying value of goodwill and trade names could negatively impact our consolidated results of operations and net worth.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as our trade names, are recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition and are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Our determination of whether goodwill impairment has occurred is based on a comparison of each of our reporting units’ fair market value with its carrying value. Significant and unanticipated changes in circumstances, such as significant and long-term adverse changes in business climate, unanticipated competition, and/or changes in technology or markets, could require a provision for impairment in a future period that could negatively impact our reported earnings and reduce our consolidated net worth and shareholders’ equity.
We have a significant amount of debt outstanding and must comply with restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.
Our credit agreement and other debt agreements contain financial and restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to, among other things, borrow additional funds or take advantage of business opportunities. While we are currently in compliance with the financial covenants, increases in our debt or decreases in our earnings could cause us to fail to comply with these financial covenants. Failing to comply with such covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all our indebtedness or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operation and debt service capability.
Our level of debt and the financial and restrictive covenants contained in our credit agreement could have important consequences on our financial position and results of operations, including increasing our vulnerability to increases in interest rates because debt under our credit agreement bears interest at variable rates.
Additional tax expense or tax exposure could impact our financial performance.
We are subject to income taxes and other business taxes in various jurisdictions in which we operate. Our tax liabilities are dependent upon the earnings generated in these different jurisdictions. Our provision for income taxes and cash tax liability could be adversely affected by numerous factors, including income before taxes being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions with lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions with higher statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws and regulations in various jurisdictions. We are also subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities. The results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns and continuing assessments of our tax exposures may have an adverse effect on the Company’s provision for income taxes and cash tax liability.
Our operations are dependent upon attracting and retaining skilled employees, including skilled labor. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, retain and promote skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. 
Our success depends on attracting and retaining qualified personnel. Our ability to sustain and grow our business requires us to hire, retain and develop a highly skilled and diverse management team and workforce. Failure to ensure that we have the leadership capacity with the necessary skill set and experience could impede our ability to deliver our

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growth objectives and execute our strategic plan. In addition, any unplanned turnover or inability to attract and retain key employees, including managers, could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and/or results of operations.
We may be subject to information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches in data security that could adversely affect our business.
We use many information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to operate our business. Those systems process sensitive information, including proprietary business information, customer data and personal information. Acquisitions in recent years have expanded the scope and complexity of our information technology systems, and increased the amount of sensitive information that they process. Our systems have been, and could be in the future vulnerable to breach, damage, disruption, or breakdown, as a result of malicious intrusion, random attack, or misconduct or error by individuals with permitted access to our systems. Such disruptions or breaches of our information technology systems could adversely affect our business by resulting in, among other things, disruption to our business operations, compromise or loss of the information processed by those systems, damage to our reputation, and litigation or regulatory proceedings. While we invest in layers of data and information technology protection, and continually monitor cybersecurity threats, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent disruptions or breaches of our systems. To our knowledge, we have not experienced any material disruptions or breaches of our information technology systems, but we could experience material disruptions or breaches in the future.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not Applicable.


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Item 2. Properties
The following sets forth the Company’s principal and materially important facilities as of December 31, 2018:
Location
 
Facility Type/Use
 
Owned or Leased 
 
Square
Footage
Medina, Minnesota
 
Headquarters
 
Owned
 
130,000
Roseau, Minnesota
 
Wholegoods manufacturing and R&D
 
Owned
 
733,000
Huntsville, Alabama
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Owned
 
725,000
Monterrey, Mexico
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Owned
 
440,000
Elkhart, Indiana
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Owned
 
822,000
Syracuse, Indiana
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Owned
 
265,000
Opole, Poland
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Leased
 
300,000
Osceola, Wisconsin
 
Component parts & engine manufacturing
 
Owned
 
286,000
Spirit Lake, Iowa
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Owned
 
273,000
Chanas, France
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Owned
 
196,000
Shanghai, China
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Leased
 
158,000
Anaheim, California
 
Wholegoods manufacturing
 
Leased
 
151,000
Bourran, France
 
Wholegoods manufacturing and R&D
 
Leased
 
100,000
Aix-les-Bains, France
 
Wholegoods manufacturing and R&D
 
Owned
 
98,000
Spearfish, South Dakota
 
Component parts manufacturing
 
Owned
 
51,000
Monticello, Minnesota
 
Component parts manufacturing
 
Owned
 
109,000
Wyoming, Minnesota
 
Research and development facility
 
Owned
 
272,000
Burgdorf, Switzerland
 
Research and development facility
 
Leased
 
17,000
Wilmington, Ohio
 
Distribution center
 
Owned
 
429,000
Vermillion, South Dakota
 
Distribution center
 
Primarily owned
 
643,000
Carlisle, Pennslyvania
 
Distribution center
 
Leased
 
205,000
Coppell, Texas
 
Distribution center
 
Leased
 
165,000
Jacksonville, Florida
 
Distribution center
 
Leased
 
144,000
Columbiana, Ohio
 
Distribution center
 
Owned
 
102,000
Compton, California
 
Distribution center and office facility
 
Leased
 
254,000
Rigby, Idaho
 
Distribution center and office facility
 
Owned
 
55,000
Shakopee, Minnesota
 
Wholegoods distribution
 
Leased
 
870,000
Plymouth, Minnesota
 
Office facility
 
Primarily owned
 
175,000
Winnipeg, Canada
 
Office facility
 
Leased
 
15,000
Rolle, Switzerland
 
Office facility
 
Leased
 
8,000
Including the material properties listed above and those properties not listed, we have over six million square feet of global manufacturing and research and development space. Additionally, we have approximately five million square feet of global warehouse and distribution center space. In the United States and Canada, we lease 93 retail stores with approximately two million square feet of space, and in Australia, we own four retail stores. We also have international office facilities in Western Europe, Australia, Brazil, India, China and Mexico.
We own substantially all tooling and machinery (including heavy presses, conventional and computer-controlled welding facilities for steel and aluminum, assembly lines and paint lines) used in the manufacture of our products. We make ongoing capital investments in our facilities. These investments have increased production capacity for our products. We believe our current manufacturing and distribution facilities are adequate in size and suitable for our present manufacturing and distribution needs.


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Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in a number of legal proceedings incidental to our business, none of which is expected to have a material effect on the financial results of our business.
Class action lawsuits. As of the date hereof, we are party to two putative class actions pending against Polaris in the U.S., both of which were previously reported in the Company’s 10-Q quarterly report for the period ended October 31, 2018.
One putative class action is pending in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota and arises out of allegations that certain Polaris products suffer from unresolved fire hazards allegedly resulting in economic loss, and is the result of the consolidation of the three putative class actions we reported in our April 26, 2018 quarterly report and that were filed between April 5-10, 2018: In re Polaris Marketing, Sales Practices, and Product Liability Litigation (D. Minn.), June 15, 2018.
The second putative class action is also pending in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota and alleges excessive heat hazards on certain other Polaris products and seeks damages for alleged personal injury and economic loss: Riley Johannessohn, Daniel Badilla, James Kelley, Kevin Wonders, William Bates and James Pinion, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated v. Polaris Industries (D. Minn.), October 4, 2016.
With respect to both class action lawsuits, the Company is unable to provide any reasonable evaluation of the likelihood that a loss will be incurred or any reasonable estimate of the range of possible loss.
Shareholder derivative lawsuit. On January 22, 2019, a shareholder of the Company filed a purported derivative complaint in the Hennepin County District Court for the State of Minnesota naming ten current officers and directors of the Company as defendants. The complaint alleges that defendants made materially false or misleading public statements about the Company’s business, operations, forecasts, and compliance policies relating to certain of its Off-Road Vehicle products and product recalls. The complaint also alleges that several of the officer defendants benefited from improper insider sales of Polaris stock. The complaint asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, and other related claims. For relief, the complaint seeks damages in an unspecified amount, corporate governance changes, disgorgement and restitution of benefits and compensation paid, and an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.


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Table of Contents


PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Shares of common stock of Polaris Industries Inc. trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol PII. On February 7, 2019, shareholders of record of the Company’s common stock were 1,930 and the last reported sale price for shares of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was $83.87 per share.

STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The graph below compares the five-year cumulative total return to shareholders (stock price appreciation plus reinvested dividends) for the Company’s common stock with the comparable cumulative return of two indexes: S&P Midcap 400 Index and Morningstar’s Recreational Vehicles Industry Group Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100 at the close on December 31, 2013 in common stock of the Company and in each of the indexes, and the reinvestment of all dividends. Points on the graph represent the performance as of the last business day of each of the years indicated.Assumes $100 Invested at the close on December 31, 2013
Assumes Dividend Reinvestment
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
2013
 
2014
 
2015
 
2016
 
2017
 
2018
Polaris Industries Inc.
$
100.00

 
$
105.27

 
$
60.79

 
$
59.74

 
$
92.12

 
$
58.25

S&P Midcap 400 Index
100.00

 
109.77

 
107.38

 
129.65

 
150.71

 
134.01

Recreational Vehicles Industry Group Index—Morningstar Group
100.00

 
99.47

 
72.42

 
100.86

 
128.05

 
68.45

Comparison of 5-Year Cumulative Total Return Among Polaris Industries Inc., S&P Midcap 400 Index and Morningstar’s Recreational Vehicles Group Index
chart-daec1f9d6b9b5148ab4.jpg

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The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of Polaris of its own stock during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
 
Average Price Paid
per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program
 
Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program(1)
October 1–31, 2018
601,000

 
$
87.65

 
601,000

 
3,765,000
November 1–30, 2018
513,000

 
95.33

 
513,000

 
3,252,000
December 1–31, 2018
1,000

 
96.94

 
1,000

 
3,251,000
Total
1,115,000

 
$
91.19

 
1,115,000

 
3,251,000
 
(1)
The Board of Directors has authorized the cumulative repurchase of up to an aggregate of 90.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Program”), including the most recent authorization that added 7.5 million shares announced on January 28, 2016. Of that total, 87.2 million shares have been repurchased cumulatively from 1996 through December 31, 2018. This Program does not have an expiration date.


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Table of Contents

Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table presents our selected financial data. The table should be read in conjunction with Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have completed various acquisitions that affect the comparability of the selected financial data shown below. The results of operations for acquisitions are included in our consolidated financial results for the period subsequent to their acquisition date. Significant acquisitions within the five-year period shown below include the acquisition of the TAP Automotive Holdings, LLC in November 2016 and Boat Holdings in July 2018.
Selected Financial Data
 
For the Years Ended December 31, 
(Dollars in millions, except per-share data) 
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
Statement of Operations Data
 
 
 
 
 
Sales Data:
 
 
 
 
 
Total sales
$
6,078.5

$
5,428.5

$
4,516.6

$
4,719.3

$
4,479.6

Percent change from prior year
12
%
20
%
(4
)%
5
%
19
%
Gross Profit Data:
 
 
 
 
 
Total gross profit
$
1,501.2

$
1,324.7

$
1,105.6

$
1,339.0

$
1,319.2

Percent of sales
24.7
%
24.4
%
24.5
 %
28.4
%
29.4
%
Operating Expense Data:
 
 
 
 
 
Total operating expenses
$
1,101.2

$
1,041.3

$
833.8

$
692.2

$
666.2

Percent of sales
18.1
%
19.2
%
18.5
 %
14.7
%
14.9
%
Operating Income Data:
 
 
 
 
 
Total operating income
$
487.4

$
359.7

$
350.3

$
716.1

$
714.7

Percent of sales
8.0
%
6.6
%
7.8
 %
15.2
%
16.0
%
Net Income Data:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
335.3

$
172.5

$
212.9

$
455.4

$
454.0

Percent of sales
5.5
%
3.2
%
4.7
 %
9.6
%
10.1
%
Diluted net income per share
$
5.24

$
2.69

$
3.27

$
6.75

$
6.65

Cash Flow Data:
 
 
 
 
 
Cash flow provided by continuing operations
$
477.1

$
585.4

$
589.6

$
440.2

$
529.3

Purchase of property and equipment
225.4

184.4

209.1

249.5

205.1

Repurchase and retirement of common stock
348.7

90.5

245.8

293.6

81.8

Cash dividends to shareholders
149.0

145.4

140.3

139.3

126.9

Cash dividends per share
$
2.40

$
2.32

$
2.20

$
2.12

$
1.92

Balance Sheet Data (at end of year):
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
161.2

$
138.3

$
127.3

$
155.3

$
137.6

Current assets
1,485.7

1,253.5

1,191.0

1,152.9

1,096.6

Total assets
4,124.9

3,089.6

3,099.6

2,385.7

2,074.9

Current liabilities
1,197.4

1,130.3

959.8

826.8

850.8

Long-term debt and capital lease obligations
1,896.0

865.3

1,138.1

456.4

223.6

Shareholders’ equity
867.0

931.7

867.0

981.5

861.3

 

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion pertains to the results of operations and financial position of the Company for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.
 Overview
2018 was a record year, with sales of $6.1 billion, a 12 percent increase from 2017, primarily due to strong Off-Road Vehicles (ORV) sales and the 2018 acquisition of Boat Holdings, LLC (“Boat Holdings”). Our unit retail sales to customers in North America, excluding Boats, increased four percent in 2018. Our annual sales to North American customers increased 12 percent and our annual sales to customers outside of North America increased 11 percent in 2018.
Full year net income of $335.3 million was a 94 percent increase from 2017, with diluted earnings per share increasing 95 percent to $5.24 per share. The significant increase was driven by higher volume in 2018 and the negative impact of $52.4 million of Victory Motorcycles® wind-down costs and a $55.8 million non-cash write-down of deferred tax assets related to U.S. tax reform in the 2017 comparative period, as well as the positive impact of a $13 million gain on the sale of the Company's investment in Brammo Inc. recorded in 2018.
During the third quarter of 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Boat Holdings, headquartered in Elkhart, Indiana. Boat Holdings added $279.7 million of sales in 2018.
On January 31, 2019, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a two percent increase in the regular quarterly cash dividend to $0.61 per share for the first quarter of 2019, representing the 24th consecutive year of increased dividends to shareholders effective with the 2019 first quarter dividend.

Results of Operations
Sales:
Sales were $6,078.5 million in 2018, a 12 percent increase from $5,428.5 million in 2017. Sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 include $279.7 million of net sales related to Boat Holdings. The following table is an analysis of the year over year percentage change in total Company sales for 2018, 2017, and 2016:
 
Percent change in total Company sales compared to the prior year
 
2018
 
2017
Volume
4
%
 
4
%
Product mix and price
3

 
1

Acquisitions
5

 
15

Currency

 

 
12
%
 
20
%
The volume increase in 2018 was primarily the result of increased ORV shipments, while the volume increase in 2017 is primarily the result of increased ORV, snowmobile, and Indian Motorcycle shipments, partially offset by decreased Victory motorcycle volumes due to the wind down of the brand. 2017 Victory Motorcycles sales decreased by approximately $164.0 million from 2016.
Product mix and price contributed a three percent increase in 2018, primarily due to higher average selling prices for ORVs. Product mix and price contributed a one percent increase in 2017, primarily due to increased sales volumes of higher priced ORVs, offset by increased sales of lower priced mid-size motorcycles, and increased promotions.
Acquisitions contributed a five percent increase for 2018, primarily due to the Boat Holdings acquisition in July 2018. Acquisitions contributed a 15 percent increase for 2017 primarily due to the TAP acquisition in November 2016.
The impact from currency rates on our Canadian and other foreign subsidiaries’ sales, when translated to U.S. dollars, was flat in 2018 and 2017, compared to the respective prior years.
Until July 2018, the Company reported under four segments, however, as a result of the Boat Holdings acquisition, the Company established a fifth reporting segment, Boats, which includes the results of Boat Holdings. The comparative

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2017 and 2016 results were not required to be reclassified as the new reporting segment structure did not impact historical segments. Our sales by reporting segment, which includes the respective PG&A, were as follows:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions) 
2018
 
Percent of 
Sales 
 
2017
 
Percent of 
Sales 
 
Percent
Change
2018 vs.
2017
 
2016
 
Percent of 
Sales 
 
Percent
Change
2017 vs.
2016
ORV/Snowmobiles
$
3,919.4

 
64
%
 
$
3,570.8

 
66
%
 
10
 %
 
$
3,283.9

 
73
%
 
9
 %
Motorcycles
545.6

 
9
%
 
576.0

 
11
%
 
(5
)%
 
699.2

 
15
%
 
(18
)%
Global Adjacent Markets
444.6

 
7
%
 
396.8

 
7
%
 
12
 %
 
341.9

 
8
%
 
16
 %
Aftermarket
889.2

 
15
%
 
884.9

 
16
%
 
0
 %
 
191.6

 
4
%
 
362
 %
Boats
279.7

 
5
%
 

 
%
 
NM

 

 
%
 
 %
Total Sales
$
6,078.5

 
100
%
 
$
5,428.5

 
100
%
 
12
 %
 
$
4,516.6

 
100
%
 
20
 %
NM = not meaningful
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ORV/Snowmobiles
Off-Road Vehicles
ORV sales, inclusive of PG&A, of $3,578.0 million in 2018, which includes ATV, Polaris GENERAL, RANGER, and RZR vehicles, increased 11 percent compared to 2017. This increase was driven by RZR and RANGER shipments. Polaris’ North American ORV unit retail sales to consumers increased low-single digits percent for 2018 compared to 2017, with ATV unit retail sales approximately flat and side-by-side vehicles unit retail sales increasing mid-single digits percent over the prior year. North American dealer inventories of ORVs increased seven percent from 2017. ORV sales outside of North America increased approximately 3 percent in 2018 compared to 2017. For 2018, the average ORV per unit sales price increased approximately five percent compared to 2017’s per unit sales price.
ORV sales, inclusive of PG&A, of $3,225.3 million in 2017, increased eight percent from 2016. This increase reflects increased ORV shipments, driven by RZR and RANGER shipments. Polaris’ North American ORV unit retail sales to consumers increased low-single digits percent for 2017 compared to 2016, with ATV unit retail sales approximately flat and side-by-side vehicles unit retail sales increasing low-single digits percent over the prior year. North American dealer inventories of ORVs decreased six percent from 2016. ORV sales outside of North America increased approximately 11 percent in 2017 compared to 2016. For 2017, the average ORV per unit sales price increased approximately four percent compared to 2016’s per unit sales price.
Snowmobiles
Snowmobiles sales, inclusive of PG&A sales, decreased one percent to $341.4 million for 2018 compared to 2017. Retail sales to consumers for the 2018-2019 season-to-date period through December 31, 2018, increased low thirties percent. Sales of snowmobiles to customers outside of North America, principally within the Scandinavian region and Russia, increased approximately 58 percent in 2018 as compared to 2017. North American dealer inventories of snowmobiles decreased mid-teens percent from 2017. The average unit sales price in 2018 increased two percent over 2017’s per unit sales price.
Snowmobiles sales, inclusive of PG&A sales, increased 12 percent to $345.5 million for 2017 compared to 2016. Retail sales to consumers for the 2017-2018 season-to-date period through December 31, 2017, decreased low double-digits percent. Sales of snowmobiles to customers outside of North America, principally within the Scandinavian region and Russia, increased approximately four percent in 2017 as compared to 2016. The average unit sales price in 2017 was flat with 2016’s per unit sales price.
Motorcycles
Sales of Motorcycles, inclusive of PG&A sales, decreased five percent to $545.6 million for 2018 compared to 2017. The decrease in 2018 sales was primarily due to decreased sales of Slingshot, partially offset by an increase in sales of Indian motorcycles of approximately four percent. The Company estimates North American industry retail sales, 900cc and above (including Slingshot), decreased low-double digits percent in 2018 compared to 2017. Over the same period, Polaris North American unit retail sales to consumers decreased approximately four percent, driven by decreased retail sales of Slingshot, partially offset by increased retail sales for Indian motorcycles of one percent. North American Polaris motorcycle dealer inventory increased low single-digit percent in 2018 versus 2017 levels. Sales of motorcycles to customers outside of North America increased approximately 14 percent in 2018 compared to 2017, due primarily to an

25

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increase in Indian motorcycle shipments. Excluding Victory, the average per unit sales price for the Motorcycles segment in 2018 decreased four percent compared to 2017 due to a shift in sales mix towards more mid-sized motorcycles.
Sales of Motorcycles, inclusive of PG&A sales, decreased 18 percent to $576.0 million for 2017 compared to 2016. The decrease in 2017 sales is due to the January 2017 decision to wind down Victory motorcycles, as well as decreased shipments of Slingshot, offset by an increase in Indian motorcycle shipments of approximately 20 percent. North American industry retail sales, 900cc and above (including Slingshot), decreased high-single digits percent in 2017 compared to 2016. Over the same period, Polaris North American unit retail sales to consumers increased approximately four percent, driven primarily by strong retail sales for Indian motorcycles of 15 percent, while Slingshot retail sales decreased in the high teens percent. North American Polaris motorcycle dealer inventory increased high teens percent in 2017 versus 2016 levels primarily due to stocking at appropriate RFM levels. Sales of motorcycles to customers outside of North America decreased approximately two percent in 2017 compared to 2016, due to Victory. Excluding Victory, sales of motorcycles to customers outside North America increased approximately 20 percent in 2017. Excluding Victory, the average per unit sales price for the Motorcycles segment in 2017 decreased two percent compared to 2016 due to higher sales growth of our lower priced mid-sized motorcycles outpacing the growth of our heavyweight motorcycles.
Global Adjacent Markets
Global Adjacent Markets sales, inclusive of PG&A sales, increased 12 percent to $444.6 million for 2018 compared to 2017. The increase in sales was primarily due to increased sales in our Aixam, Goupil and government businesses. Sales to customers outside of North America increased approximately 14 percent in 2018 compared to 2017.
Global Adjacent Markets sales, inclusive of PG&A sales, increased 16 percent to $396.8 million for 2017 compared to 2016. The increase in sales is primarily due to increased sales in our Aixam, Goupil and government businesses. Sales to customers outside of North America increased approximately 24 percent in 2017 compared to 2016.
Aftermarket
Aftermarket sales, which includes Transamerican Auto Parts (TAP), along with our other aftermarket brands of Klim, Kolpin, ProArmor, Trail Tech and 509, of $889.2 million for 2018 were approximately flat compared to 2017, due to soft wholesale sales and lower e-commence demand. TAP opened nine new 4-Wheel Parts retail stores in 2018, bringing the total store count to 93.
Aftermarket sales increased significantly to $884.9 million for 2017 compared to 2016. The increase in sales was primarily due to the acquisition of TAP in November 2016, which drove $685.1 million of the increase. TAP opened eight new 4-Wheel Parts retail stores in 2017, bringing the total store count to 84.
Boats
Boat sales relate to the Boat Holdings acquisition which closed on July 2, 2018, were $279.7 million in 2018.
Sales by Geography
Sales by geographic region were as follows:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)
2018
 
Percent of Total Sales
 
2017
 
Percent of Total Sales 
 
Percent Change 2018 vs. 2017
 
2016
 
Percent of Total Sales 
 
Percent Change 2017 vs. 2016
United States
$
4,883.8

 
80
%
 
$
4,327.6

 
80
%
 
13
%
 
$
3,557.2

 
79
%
 
22
%
Canada
390.2

 
7
%
 
375.6

 
7
%
 
4
%
 
307.1

 
7
%
 
22
%
Other foreign countries
804.5

 
13
%
 
725.3

 
13
%
 
11
%
 
652.3

 
14
%
 
11
%
Total sales
$
6,078.5

 
100
%
 
$
5,428.5

 
100
%
 
12
%
 
$
4,516.6

 
100
%
 
20
%
 Significant regional trends were as follows:
United States:
Sales in the United States for 2018 increased 13 percent compared to 2017, primarily resulting from the acquisition of Boat Holdings in July 2018 and increased ORV shipments, while sales in the United States for 2017 increased 22 percent compared to 2016, primarily resulting from the acquisition of TAP in November 2016 and increased ORV shipments, partially offset by the wind down of Victory motorcycles. The United States represented 80 percent, 80 percent and 79 percent of total company sales in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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Canada:
Canadian sales for 2018 increased 4 percent compared to 2017, driven by increased ORV shipments, while Canadian sales for 2017 increased 22 percent compared to 2016, driven by the acquisition of TAP and increased ORV shipments, partially offset by the Victory wind down. Currency rate movement had an immaterial impact on sales for 2018 compared to 2017 and a favorable three percent impact on sales for 2017 compared to 2016. Sales in Canada represented seven percent of total company sales in 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Other Foreign Countries:
Sales in other foreign countries, primarily in Europe, increased 11 percent in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily driven by higher sales of snowmobiles and Indian motorcycles. Currency rate movements had a favorable two percent impact on sales for 2018 compared to 2017.
Sales in other foreign countries, primarily in Europe, increased 11 percent in 2017 compared to 2016. Sales of ORVs, snowmobiles, and Global Adjacent Markets vehicles increased, partially offset by decreased sales of motorcycles due to the Victory wind down. Currency rate movements had a favorable one percentage point impact on sales for 2017 compared to 2016.
Cost of Sales:  
The following table reflects our cost of sales in dollars and as a percentage of sales:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)
2018
 
Percent of Total Cost of Sales
 
2017
 
Percent of Total Cost of Sales
 
Change 2018 vs. 2017
 
2016
 
Percent of
Total
Cost of Sales
 
Change 2017 vs. 2016
Purchased materials and services
$
3,978.1

 
87
%
 
$
3,526.0

 
86
%
 
13
 %
 
$
2,840.8

 
83
%
 
24
 %
Labor and benefits
358.5

 
8
%
 
292.6

 
7
%
 
23
 %
 
250.7

 
7
%
 
17
 %
Depreciation and amortization
135.7

 
3
%
 
139.5

 
3
%
 
(3
)%
 
124.5

 
4
%
 
12
 %
Warranty costs
105.0

 
2
%
 
145.7

 
4
%
 
(28
)%
 
195.0

 
6
%
 
(25
)%
Total cost of sales
$
4,577.3

 
100
%
 
$
4,103.8

 
100
%
 
12
 %
 
$
3,411.0

 
100
%
 
20
 %
Percentage of sales
75.3
%
 
 
 
75.6
%
 
 
 
-29 basis

 
75.5
%
 
 
 
+8 basis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
points

 
 
 
 
 
   points

For 2018, cost of sales increased 12 percent to $4,577.3 million compared to $4,103.8 million in 2017. The increase in cost of sales in 2018 is primarily attributed to the acquisition of Boat Holdings in July 2018, which added $233.4 million of cost of sales, as well as increased purchased materials and services related to higher sales volumes, tariff costs, and higher logistics and commodity costs, partially offset by lower Victory motorcycles wind down costs.
For 2017, cost of sales increased 20 percent to $4,103.8 million compared to $3,411.0 million in 2016. The increase in cost of sales in 2017 is primarily attributed to the acquisition of TAP in November 2016, Victory motorcycles wind down costs, and manufacturing network realignment costs, partially offset by lower warranty costs.

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 Gross Profit:
The following table reflects our gross profit in dollars and as a percentage of sales:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)
2018
 
Percent of Sales
 
2017
 
Percent of Sales
 
Change
2018 vs. 
2017
 
2016
 
Percent of Sales
 
Change
2017 vs. 
2016
ORV/Snowmobiles
$
1,113.9

 
28.4
%
 
$
1,054.6

 
29.5
%
 
6
%
 
$
907.6

 
27.6
%
 
16
 %
Motorcycles
63.0

 
11.6
%
 
16.7

 
2.9
%
 
277
%
 
87.5

 
12.5
%
 
(81
)%
Global Adjacent Markets
116.6

 
26.2
%
 
94.9

 
23.9
%
 
23
%
 
95.1

 
27.8
%
 
0
 %
Aftermarket
234.4

 
26.4
%
 
225.5

 
25.5
%
 
4
%
 
46.3

 
24.2
%
 
387
 %
Boats
46.3

 
16.5
%
 

 
%
 
NM

 

 
%
 
 %
Corporate
(73.0
)
 
 
 
(67.0
)
 
 
 
9
%
 
(30.9
)
 
 
 
117
 %
Total gross profit dollars
$
1,501.2

 
 
 
$
1,324.7

 
 
 
13
%
 
$
1,105.6

 
 
 
20
 %
Percentage of sales
24.7
%
 
 
 
24.4
%
 
 
 
+29 basis  points

 
24.5
%
 
 
 
-8 basis  points

NM = not meaningful
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated. Consolidated gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased in 2018 due to lower Victory Motorcycle wind down costs, favorable foreign exchange, and lower warranty expense, partially offset by increased tariff, logistics, and commodity costs. Foreign currencies had a positive impact to gross profit of approximately $19.9 million for 2018, when compared to the prior year period.
Consolidated gross profit, as a percentage of sales, was approximately flat in 2017 due to increased volumes and mix and gross VIP cost savings, offset by Victory wind down costs and promotional costs. 2017 gross profit includes the negative impact of $57.8 million of Victory Motorcycle wind down costs, $13.0 million of realignment costs, and $13.0 million of inventory step-up accounting adjustments related to the TAP acquisition. Foreign currencies had a negative impact to gross profit of approximately $7.4 million for 2017, when compared to the prior year period.
ORV/Snowmobiles. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, decreased from 2017 to 2018, primarily due to unfavorable product mix, higher commodity costs and freight pressures, partially offset by lower warranty expense. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased from 2016 to 2017, primarily due to increased volumes, product mix, and lower warranty costs, partially offset by higher promotions.
Motorcycles. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased from 2017 to 2018, primarily due to lower costs associated with the wind down of Victory Motorcycles, partially offset by negative mix. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, decreased from 2016 to 2017, primarily due to $57.8 million of costs incurred related to the wind down of Victory motorcycles, including increased promotions and inventory charges, and lower Slingshot volume.
Global Adjacent Markets. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased from 2017 to 2018, primarily due to sales mix and less manufacturing network realignment costs. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, decreased from 2016 to 2017, primarily due to costs incurred for manufacturing network realignment of $13.0 million.
Aftermarket. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased from 2017 to 2018, primarily due to the negative impact of $13.0 million of inventory step-up adjustments related to the TAP acquisition in the prior year comparable period. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased from 2016 to 2017, primarily due to the acquisition of TAP. 2017 gross profit includes the negative impact of $13.0 million of inventory step-up accounting adjustments related to the TAP acquisition.
Boats. Segment gross profit, which relates to the Boat Holdings acquisition which closed on July 2, 2018, was $46.3 million in 2018, which includes the negative impact of $3.1 million of inventory step-up adjustments.

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Operating Expenses:
The following table reflects our operating expenses in dollars and as a percentage of sales:  
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions) 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
2018 vs. 2017
 
2016
 
Change
2017 vs. 2016
Selling and marketing
$
491.8

 
$
471.8

 
4
%
 
$
342.2

 
38
%
Research and development
259.7

 
238.3

 
9
%
 
185.1

 
29
%
General and administrative
349.7

 
331.2

 
6
%
 
306.5

 
8
%
Total operating expenses
$
1,101.2

 
$
1,041.3

 
6
%
 
$
833.8

 
25
%
Percentage of sales
18.1
%
 
19.2
%
 
-107 basis points

 
18.5
%
 
+72 basis points

Operating expenses for 2018, in absolute dollars, increased primarily due to the Boat Holdings acquisition, which closed on July 2, 2018, and investments in strategic projects. Operating expenses, as a percentage of sales, decreased primarily due to realized efficiencies in selling, marketing, and general and administrative spend along with the addition of Boat Holdings, which inherently has a lower operating expense to sales ratio.
Operating expenses for 2017, as a percentage of sales and in absolute dollars, increased primarily due to the TAP acquisition, increased variable compensation expenses, increased research and development expenses and increased selling and marketing costs related to new products, partially offset by decreased legal related expenses. 2017 operating expenses included $10.1 million of Victory Motorcycles wind down costs, $14.0 million of TAP integration expenses, and $9.1 million of corporate restructuring and realignment expenses.
Income from Financial Services:
The following table reflects our income from financial services:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)
2018
 
2017
 
Change
2018 vs. 2017
 
2016
 
Change
2017 vs. 2016
Income from Polaris Acceptance joint venture
$
30.4

 
$
27.3

 
11
 %
 
$
31.1

 
(12
)%
Income from retail credit agreements
46.3

 
37.5

 
23
 %
 
41.8

 
(10
)%
Income from other financial services activities
10.7

 
11.5

 
(7
)%
 
5.6

 
105
 %
Total income from financial services
$
87.4

 
$
76.3

 
15
 %
 
$
78.5

 
(3
)%
Percentage of sales
1.4
%
 
1.4
%
 
+3 basis points

 
1.7
%
 
-33 basis points

Income from financial services increased 15 percent to $87.4 million in 2018 compared to $76.3 million in 2017. The increase in 2018 was primarily due to improved retail financing penetration rates and higher income from Polaris Acceptance due to higher dealer inventory levels.
Income from financial services decreased three percent to $76.3 million in 2017 compared to $78.5 million in 2016. The decrease in 2017 was primarily due to a four percent decrease in retail credit contract volume and decreased income generated from the wholesale portfolio due to lower ORV dealer inventory levels, partially offset by higher income from the sale of extended service contracts.

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Remainder of the Income Statement:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions except per share data)
2018
 
2017
 
Change
2018 vs. 2017
 
2016
 
Change
2017 vs. 2016
Interest expense
$
57.0

 
$
32.2

 
77
 %
 
$
16.3

 
97
 %
Equity in loss of other affiliates
$
29.3

 
$
6.8

 
333
 %
 
$
6.9

 
(2
)%
Other (income) expense, net
$
(28.1
)
 
$
2.0

 
NM

 
$
13.8

 
(86
)%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income before income taxes
$
429.2

 
$
318.8

 
35
 %
 
$
313.3

 
2
 %
Provision for income taxes
$
94.0

 
$
146.3

 
(36
)%
 
$
100.3

 
46
 %
Percentage of income before income taxes
21.9%
 
45.9%
 
 
 
32.0%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
335.3

 
$
172.5

 
94
 %
 
$
212.9

 
(19
)%
Diluted net income per share
$
5.24

 
$
2.69

 
95
 %
 
$
3.27

 
(18
)%
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding
63.9

 
64.2

 
0
 %
 
65.2

 
(2
)%
NM = not meaningful
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest Expense. The increase in 2018 compared to 2017, was primarily due to increased debt levels to finance the Boat Holdings acquisition. The increase in 2017 compared to 2016 is primarily due to increased debt levels to finance the TAP acquisition.
Equity in loss of other affiliates. As a result of the decision by the Eicher-Polaris Private Limited (EPPL) Board of Directors to shut down the operations of the EPPL joint venture, we impaired our investment in EPPL and incurred additional wind-down related costs in 2018. The impairment and wind-down costs resulted in a year-to-date increase in Equity in loss of other affiliates.
Other (income) expense,net. The change in Other (income) expense, net primarily relates to foreign currency exchange rate movements and the corresponding effects on foreign currency transactions, currency hedging positions and balance sheet positions related to our foreign subsidiaries from period to period. 2018 includes a $13.5 million gain on the Company’s investment in Brammo Inc., while 2017 includes impairment of a cost method investment recorded due to the wind down of Victory Motorcycles.
Provision for income taxes. The income tax rate for 2018 was 21.9% as compared with 45.9% and 32.0% in 2017 and 2016, respectively.  The lower income tax rate for 2018, compared with 2017 was primarily due to the reduction in the federal statutory rate to 21 percent effective during 2018 and a non-cash $55.8 million write-down of deferred tax assets as a result of the passing of the U.S. tax reform bill in the fourth quarter of 2017, offset by a decrease in excess tax benefits related to share based compensation as compared to 2017. 
The higher income tax rate for 2017, compared with 2016 was primarily due to a non-cash $55.8 million write-down of deferred tax assets as a result of the passing of the U.S. tax reform bill in the fourth quarter of 2017, offset by favorable changes related to share-based payment accounting and the related excess tax benefits now recognized as a reduction to income tax expense in accordance with ASU No. 2016-09.
Weighted average shares outstanding. The change in the weighted average diluted shares outstanding from 2017 to 2018 and 2016 to 2017 is primarily due to share repurchases under our stock repurchase program.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary source of funds has been cash provided by operating and financing activities. Our primary uses of funds have been for acquisitions, repurchase and retirement of common stock, capital investment, new product development and cash dividends to shareholders.

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The following table summarizes the cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
($ in millions)
For the Years Ended December 31,
2018
 
2017
 
Change
2018 vs. 2017
 
2016
 
Change
2017 vs. 2016
Total cash provided by (used for):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating activities
$
477.1

 
$
585.4

 
$
(108.3
)
 
$
589.6

 
$
(4.2
)
Investing activities
(959.5
)
 
(151.1
)
 
(808.4
)
 
(909.3
)
 
758.2

Financing activities
523.4

 
(427.7
)
 
951.1

 
314.5

 
(742.2
)
Impact of currency exchange rates on cash balances
(9.5
)
 
9.8

 
(19.3
)
 
(5.0
)
 
14.8

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
31.5

 
$
16.4

 
$
15.1

 
$
(10.2
)
 
$
26.6

Operating Activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $477.1 million and $585.4 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The $108.3 million decrease is primarily due to higher factory inventory and the timing of accounts payable and accrued expense payments.
Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $585.4 million and $589.6 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $4.2 million decrease is primarily due to timing of accounts payable and accrued expense payments, partially offset by higher factory inventory.
Investing Activities:
Net cash used for investing activities was $959.5 million in 2018 compared to $151.1 million in 2017. The primary uses of cash in 2018 were capital expenditures and the acquisition of Boat Holdings.
Net cash used for investing activities was $151.1 million in 2017 compared to $909.3 million in 2016. The primary uses of cash in 2017 were capital expenditures. In 2017, our capital expenditures returned to normalized levels, following significant capital spending in 2016 related to the completion of our Huntsville manufacturing facility. Cash used for investing was significantly higher in 2016 compared to 2017 due to the acquisition of TAP and Taylor-Dunn.
Financing Activities:
Net cash provided by financing activities was $523.4 million in 2018 compared to net cash used for financing activities of $427.7 million in 2017. The increase is primarily related to the Boat Holdings acquisition. We paid cash dividends of $149.0 million and $145.4 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total common stock repurchased in 2018 and 2017 totaled $348.7 million and $90.5 million, respectively. In 2018, we had net borrowings under our capital lease arrangements and debt arrangements of $973.7 million, compared to net repayments of $234.5 million in 2017. Proceeds from the issuance of stock under employee plans were $47.4 million and $42.7 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Net cash used for financing activities was $427.7 million in 2017 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $314.5 million in 2016. We paid cash dividends of $145.4 million and $140.3 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Total common stock repurchased in 2017 and 2016 totaled $90.5 million and $245.8 million, respectively. In 2017, we had net repayments under our capital lease arrangements and debt arrangements of $234.5 million, compared to net borrowings of $679.4 million in 2016. Proceeds from the issuance of stock under employee plans were $42.7 million and $17.7 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The seasonality of production and shipments cause working capital requirements to fluctuate during the year. We are party to an unsecured $700.0 million variable interest rate bank lending agreement that expires in July 2023, under which we have unsecured borrowings. At December 31, 2018, there were borrowings of $187.6 million outstanding under this arrangement. We are also party to a $1,180.0 million term loan facility, of which $1,150.0 million is outstanding as of December 31, 2018. Interest is charged at rates based on LIBOR or “prime.”
In December 2010, the Company entered into a Master Note Purchase Agreement to issue $25.0 million of unsecured senior notes due May 2018 and $75.0 million of unsecured senior notes due May 2021 (collectively, the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued in May 2011. In December 2013, the Company entered into a First Supplement to Master Note Purchase Agreement, under which the Company issued $100.0 million of unsecured senior notes due December

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2020. In July 2018, the Company entered into a Master Note Purchase Agreement to issue $350.0 million of unsecured senior notes due July 2028. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, outstanding borrowings under the amended Master Note Purchase Agreement totaled $525.0 million and $200.0 million, respectively.
As a component of the Boat Holdings merger agreement, Polaris has committed to make a series of deferred payments to the former owners following the closing date of of the merger through July 2030. The original discounted payable was for $76.7 million, all of which is outstanding as of December 31, 2018. The outstanding balance is included in Notes payable and other.
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we were in compliance with all debt covenants. Our debt to total capital ratio was 69 percent and 49 percent at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The following table summarizes our significant future contractual obligations at December 31, 2018:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(In millions): 
Total 
 
<1 Year
 
1-3 Years
 
4-5 Years
 
>5 Years
Senior notes
$
525.0

 
$

 
$
175.0

 
$

 
350.0

Borrowings under our credit facility
187.6

 

 

 
187.6

 

Term loan facility
1,150.0

 
59.0

 
118.0

 
973.0

 

Notes payable and other
87.6

 
6.2

 
13.1

 
14.0

 
$
54.3

Interest expense
308.9

 
70.4

 
135.5

 
103.0

 

Capital leases
20.7

 
2.1

 
4.1

 
3.9

 
10.6

Operating leases
127.8

 
39.0

 
51.1

 
24.4

 
13.3

Total
$
2,407.6

 
$
176.7

 
$
496.8

 
$
1,305.9

 
$
428.2

In the table above, we assumed our December 31, 2018, outstanding borrowings under the Senior Notes will be paid at their respective due dates. Interest expense has not been estimated beyond year five. Additionally, at December 31, 2018, we had letters of credit outstanding of $18.7 million related to purchase obligations for raw materials. Not included in the above table are unrecognized tax benefits of $28.6 million, including interest, as the timing of payment is uncertain.
Our Board of Directors has authorized the cumulative repurchase of up to 90.5 million shares of our common stock through an authorized stock repurchase program. Of that total, approximately 87.2 million shares have been repurchased cumulatively from 1996 through December 31, 2018. We repurchased a total of 3.2 million shares of our common stock for $348.7 million during 2018, which increased earnings per share by 11 cents. We have authorization from our Board of Directors to repurchase up to an additional 3.3 million shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2018. The repurchase of any or all such shares authorized remaining for repurchase will be governed by applicable SEC rules.
We have arrangements with certain finance companies (including Polaris Acceptance and TCF) to provide secured floor plan financing for our dealers. These arrangements provide liquidity by financing dealer purchases of our products without the use of our working capital. A majority of the worldwide sales of snowmobiles, ORVs, motorcycles, boats and related PG&A are financed under similar arrangements whereby we receive payment within a few days of shipment of the product. The amount financed by worldwide dealers under these arrangements related to snowmobiles, ORVs, motorcycles, boats and related PG&A as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, was approximately $1,643.8 million and $1,422.2 million, respectively. We participate in the cost of dealer financing up to certain limits.
We have agreed to repurchase products repossessed by Polaris Acceptance up to an annual maximum of 15 percent of the aggregate month-end outstanding Polaris Acceptance receivables and Securitized Receivables during the prior calendar year. For calendar year 2018, the potential 15 percent aggregate repurchase obligation was approximately $165.0 million. Our financial exposure under this agreement is limited to the difference between the amounts unpaid by the dealer with respect to the repossessed product plus costs of repossession and the amount received on the resale of the repossessed product. No material losses have been incurred under these agreements. However, an adverse change in retail sales could cause this situation to change and thereby require us to repurchase repossessed units subject to the annual limitation referred to above.
On March 1, 2016, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”) announced that it completed the purchase of the North American portion of GE Capital’s Commercial Distribution Finance (GECDF) business, including GECDF’s ownership interests in Polaris Acceptance, and adopted the tradename Wells Fargo Commercial Distribution Finance (WFCDF).
Polaris Acceptance, a joint venture between Polaris and Wells Fargo, provides floor plan financing to our dealers in the United States. Our subsidiary has a 50 percent equity interest in Polaris Acceptance. As part of the agreement, Polaris

32

Table of Contents

sells portions of its receivable portfolio (“Securitized Receivables”) to a securitization facility (“Securitization Facility”) from time to time on an ongoing basis. The sale of receivables from Polaris Acceptance to the Securitization Facility is accounted for in Polaris Acceptance’s financial statements as a “true-sale” under ASC Topic 860. Polaris Acceptance is not responsible for any continuing servicing costs or obligations with respect to the Securitized Receivables. The remaining portion of the receivable portfolio is recorded on Polaris Acceptance’s books, and is funded through a loan from an affiliate of WFCDF and through equity contributions from both partners.
We have not guaranteed the outstanding indebtedness of Polaris Acceptance. In addition, we and Wells Fargo share equally a variable equity cash investment based on the sum of the portfolio balance in Polaris Acceptance. Our total investment in Polaris Acceptance at December 31, 2018 was $92.1 million. Substantially all of our U.S. sales are financed through Polaris Acceptance whereby Polaris receives payment within a few days of shipment of the product. The partnership agreement provides that all income and losses of Polaris Acceptance are shared 50 percent by our wholly owned subsidiary and 50 percent by Wells Fargo’s subsidiary. Our exposure to losses associated with respect to the Polaris Acceptance is limited to our equity in Polaris Acceptance. We have agreed to repurchase products repossessed by Polaris Acceptance up to an annual maximum of 15 percent of the aggregate average month-end balances outstanding during the prior calendar year with respect to receivables retained by Polaris Acceptance and the Securitized Receivables. For calendar year 2019, the potential 15 percent aggregate repurchase obligation is approximately $180.6 million. Our financial exposure under this arrangement is limited to the difference between the amount paid to the finance company for repurchases and the amount received on the resale of the repossessed product. No material losses have been incurred under this agreement. The partnership agreement is effective through February 2022.
Our investment in Polaris Acceptance is accounted for under the equity method and is recorded as investment in finance affiliate in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Our allocable share of the income of Polaris Acceptance has been included as a component of income from financial services in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2018, Polaris Acceptance’s wholesale portfolio receivables from dealers in the United States (including the Securitized Receivables) was $1,226.4 million, a three percent increase from $1,193.0 million at December 31, 2017. Credit losses in the Polaris Acceptance portfolio have been modest, averaging less than one percent of the portfolio.
TCF finances a portion of Polaris’ United States sales of boats whereby Polaris receives payment within a few days of shipment of the product. Polaris has agreed to repurchase products repossessed by TCF up to a maximum of 100 percent of the aggregate outstanding TCF receivables balance. At December 31, 2018, the potential aggregate repurchase obligation was approximately $201.6 million. Polaris’ financial exposure under this arrangement is limited to the difference between the amounts unpaid by the dealer with respect to the repossessed product plus costs of repossession and the amount received on the resale of the repossessed product. No material losses have been incurred under this agreement during the periods presented.
We have agreements with Performance Finance, Sheffield Financial and Synchrony Bank, under which these financial institutions provide financing to end consumers of our products. The income generated from these agreements has been included as a component of income from financial services in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2018, the agreements in place were as follows:
Financial institution
Agreement expiration date
Performance Finance
December 2021
Sheffield Financial
December 2020
Synchrony Bank
December 2020
During 2018, consumers financed 35 percent of our vehicles sold in the United States through the Performance Finance, Sheffield Financial and Synchrony Bank installment retail credit arrangements. The volume of installment credit contracts written in calendar year 2018 with these institutions was $1,326.0 million, a 23 percent increase from 2017.
We administer and provide extended service contracts to consumers and certain insurance contracts to dealers and consumers through various third-party suppliers. We finance our self-insured risks related to extended service contracts, but do not retain any insurance or financial risk under any of the other arrangements. The service fee income generated from these arrangements has been included as a component of income from financial services in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

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Table of Contents

The balance of restricted cash as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $32.0 million, $23.3 million, and $17.8 million, respectively. Restricted cash represents cash equivalents held in trust, as well as amounts held on deposit with regulatory agencies in the various jurisdictions in which our insurance entity does business.
We believe that existing cash balances, cash flow to be generated from operating activities and available borrowing capacity under the line of credit arrangement will be sufficient to fund operations, new product development, cash dividends, share repurchases, acquisitions and capital requirements for the foreseeable future. At this time, we are not aware of any factors that would have a material adverse impact on cash flow.

Critical Accounting Policies
The significant accounting policies that management believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following: revenue recognition, sales promotions and incentives, dealer holdback programs, share-based employee compensation, product warranties, product liability, and goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles.
Revenue recognition. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied which generally occurs with the transfer of control of the wholegood vehicles, parts, garments or accessories, and, for services, upon completion of the service or over the term of the agreement in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in satisfying the obligations under the contract. The amount of consideration the Company receives and revenue it recognizes varies with changes in marketing incentives and rebates it offers to its dealers and their customers. Historically, product returns, whether in the normal course of business or resulting from repurchases made under the floorplan financing program, have not been material. However, we have agreed to repurchase products repossessed by the finance companies up to certain limits. Our financial exposure is limited to the difference between the amount paid to the finance companies and the amount received on the resale of the repossessed product. No material losses have been incurred under these agreements. We have not historically recorded any significant sales return allowances because we have not been required to repurchase a significant number of units. However, an adverse change in retail sales could cause this situation to change.
Sales promotions and incentives. We provide for estimated sales promotion and incentive expenses, which are recognized as a component of sales in measuring the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Examples of sales promotion and incentive programs include dealer and consumer rebates, volume incentives, retail financing programs and sales associate incentives. Sales promotion and incentive expenses are estimated based on current programs and historical rates for each product line. We record these amounts as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet until they are ultimately paid. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, accrued sales promotions and incentives were $167.6 million and $162.3 million, respectively. Actual results may differ from these estimates if market conditions dictate the need to enhance or reduce sales promotion and incentive programs or if the customer usage rate varies from historical trends. Adjustments to sales promotions and incentives accruals are made from time to time as actual usage becomes known in order to properly estimate the amounts necessary to generate consumer demand based on market conditions as of the balance sheet date. Historically, actual sales promotion and incentive expenses have been within our expectations and differences have not been material.
 Dealer holdback programs. Dealer holdback represents a portion of the invoiced sales price that is expected to be subsequently returned to the dealer or distributor as a sales incentive upon the ultimate retail sale of the product. Holdback amounts reduce the ultimate net price of the products purchased by our dealers or distributors and, therefore, reduce the amount of sales we recognize at the time of shipment. The portion of the invoiced sales price estimated as the holdback is recognized as “dealer holdback” liability on our balance sheet until paid or forfeited. The minimal holdback adjustments in the estimated holdback liability due to forfeitures are recognized in net sales. Payments are made to dealers or distributors at various times during the year subject to previously established criteria. Polaris recorded accrued liabilities of $125.0 million and $114.2 million for dealer holdback programs in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Share-based employee compensation. We recognize in the financial statements the grant-date fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees. Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of share-based awards at the date of grant requires judgment. We utilize the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of employee stock options, and the Monte Carlo model to estimate the fair value of employee performance restricted stock units that include a market condition. These pricing models also require the use of

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input assumptions, including expected volatility, expected life, expected dividend rate, and expected risk-free rate of return. We utilize historical volatility as we believe this is reflective of market conditions. The expected life of the awards is based on historical exercise patterns. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the terms of awards. The dividend yield assumption is based on our history of dividend payouts. We develop an estimate of the number of share-based awards that will be forfeited due to employee turnover. Changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant effect on reported share-based compensation, as the effect of adjusting the rate for all expense amortization is recognized in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed. If the actual forfeiture rate is higher or lower than the estimated forfeiture rate, then an adjustment is made to increase or decrease the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in a decrease or increase to the expense recognized in the financial statements. If forfeiture adjustments are made, they would affect our gross margin and operating expenses. We estimate the likelihood and the rate of achievement for performance share-based awards, specifically long-term compensation grants of performance-based restricted stock unit awards. Changes in the estimated rate of achievement can have a significant effect on reported share-based compensation expenses as the effect of a change in the estimated achievement level is recognized in the period that the likelihood factor changes. If adjustments in the estimated rate of achievement are made, they would be reflected in our gross margin and operating expenses. At the end of 2018, if all long-term incentive program performance based awards were expected to achieve the maximum payout, we would have recorded an additional $43.1 million of expense in 2018. Fluctuations in our stock price can have a significant effect on reported share-based compensation expenses for liability-based awards. The impact from fluctuations in our stock price is recognized in the period of the change, and is reflected in our gross margin and operating expenses. At December 31, 2018, the accrual for liability-based awards outstanding was $7.3 million, and is included in accrued compensation in the consolidated balance sheets.
Product warranties. We provide a limited warranty for our vehicles and boats for a period of six months to ten years, depending on the product. We provide longer warranties in certain geographical markets as determined by local regulations and market conditions and may provide longer warranties related to certain promotional programs. Our standard warranties require us or our dealers to repair or replace defective products during such warranty periods at no cost to the consumers. The warranty reserve is established at the time of sale to the dealer or distributor based on management’s best estimate using historical rates and trends. We record these amounts as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet until they are ultimately paid. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the accrued warranty liability was $121.8 million and $123.8 million, respectively. Adjustments to the warranty reserve are made from time to time based on actual claims experience in order to properly estimate the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims on products sold as of the balance sheet date. Factors that could have an impact on the warranty accrual in any given period include the following: improved manufacturing quality, shifts in product mix, changes in warranty coverage periods, snowfall and its impact on snowmobile usage, product recalls and any significant changes in sales volume. While management believes that the warranty reserve is adequate and that the judgment applied is appropriate, such amounts estimated to be due and payable could differ materially from what will ultimately transpire in the future.
Product liability. We are subject to product liability claims in the normal course of business. We carry excess insurance coverage for catastrophic product liability claims. We self-insure product liability claims up to the purchased catastrophic insurance coverage. The estimated costs resulting from any uninsured losses are charged to operating expenses when it is probable a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably determinable. We utilize historical trends and actuarial analysis tools, along with an analysis of current claims, to assist in determining the appropriate loss reserve levels. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had accruals of $52.8 million and $37.7 million, respectively, for the probable payment of pending claims related to continuing operations product liability litigation associated with our products. These accruals are included in other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets. While management believes the product liability reserves are adequate, adverse determination of material product liability claims made against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquired businesses over the net of the fair value of identifiable tangible net assets and identifiable intangible assets purchased and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment and is tested for impairment more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The impairment test is performed using a two-step process. In the first step, the fair value of each reporting unit is compared with the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of the reporting unit there is an indication that goodwill impairment exists and a second step must be completed in order to determine the amount of the goodwill impairment, if any, that should be recorded. In the second step, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting

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unit's goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation.
The fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis and market approach.
In developing our discounted cash flow analysis, assumptions about future revenues and expenses, capital expenditures and changes in working capital are based on our annual operating plan and long-term business plan for each of our reporting units. These plans take into consideration numerous factors including historical experience, anticipated future economic conditions, changes in raw material prices and growth expectations for the industries and end markets we participate in. These assumptions are determined over a five year long-term planning period. The five year growth rates for revenues and operating profits vary for each reporting unit being evaluated. Revenues and operating profit beyond five years are projected to grow at a perpetual growth rate consistent with industry expectations. Discount rate assumptions for each reporting unit take into consideration our assessment of risks inherent in the future cash flows of the respective reporting unit and our weighted-average cost of capital.
In estimating fair value using the market approach, we identify a group of comparable publicly traded companies for each reporting unit that are similar in terms of size and product offering. These groups of comparable companies are used to develop multiples based on total market-based invested capital as a multiple of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). We determine our estimated values by applying these comparable EBITDA multiples to the operating results of our reporting units. The ultimate fair value of each reporting unit is determined considering the results of both valuation methods.
We complete our annual goodwill impairment evaluation as of the first day of the fourth quarter.
Identifiable intangible assets. Our primary identifiable intangible assets include: dealer/customer relationships, brand/trade names, developed technology, and non-compete agreements. Identifiable intangibles with finite lives are amortized and those identifiable intangibles with indefinite lives are not amortized. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Identifiable intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events warrant. We complete our annual impairment test as of the first day of the fourth quarter each year for those identifiable assets not subject to amortization.
The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the trade name with its carrying value. Fair value is measured using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes the trade name has value to the extent that the owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. This method requires us to estimate the future revenue for the related brands, the appropriate royalty rate and the weighted average cost of capital.

New Accounting Pronouncements
See Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies—New accounting pronouncements.”

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Inflation, Foreign Exchange Rates, Equity Prices and Interest Rates
The changing relationships of the U.S. dollar to the Mexican peso, the Canadian dollar, the Australian dollar, the Euro, the Swiss franc and other foreign currencies have had a material impact from time to time. We actively manage our exposure to fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates by entering into foreign exchange hedging contracts.
Mexican Peso: With increased production at our Monterrey, Mexico facility, our costs in the Mexican peso have continued to increase. We also market and sell to customers in Mexico through a wholly owned subsidiary. Fluctuations in the peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate primarily impacts sales, cost of sales, and net income.
Canadian Dollar: We operate in Canada through a wholly owned subsidiary. The relationship of the U.S. dollar in relation to the Canadian dollar impacts both sales and net income.
Other currencies: We operate in various countries, principally in Europe and Australia, through wholly owned subsidiaries and also sell to certain distributors in other countries. We also purchase components from certain suppliers

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directly for our U.S. operations in transactions denominated in Euros and other foreign currencies. The relationship of the U.S. dollar in relation to these other currencies impacts each of sales, cost of sales and net income.
At December 31, 2018, we had the following open foreign currency hedging contracts:
Foreign Currency 
 
 
 
Foreign currency hedging contracts
 
Currency Position
 
Notional amounts (in thousands of U.S. dollars)
 
Average exchange rate of open contracts 
Canadian Dollar
 
Long
 
$
55,133

 
$0.77 to 1 CAD
Mexican Peso
 
Short
 
19,222

 
21 Peso to $1
The assets and liabilities in all our foreign entities are translated at the foreign exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Translation gains and losses are reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net in the shareholders’ equity section of the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Revenues and expenses in all of our foreign entities are translated at the average foreign exchange rate in effect for each month of the year. Certain assets and liabilities related to intercompany positions reported on our consolidated balance sheet that are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency are translated at the foreign exchange rates at the balance sheet date and the associated gains and losses are included in net income. In 2018, after consideration of the existing foreign currency hedging contracts, foreign currencies had a slightly favorable impact on net income compared to 2017. We expect currencies to have a negative impact on net income in 2019 compared to 2018.
We are subject to market risk from fluctuating market prices of certain purchased commodities and raw materials, including steel, aluminum, petroleum-based resins, certain rare earth metals and diesel fuel. In addition, we are a purchaser of components and parts containing various commodities, including steel, aluminum, rubber and others, which are integrated into the Company’s end products. While such materials are typically available from numerous suppliers, commodity raw materials are subject to price fluctuations. We generally buy these commodities and components based upon market prices that are established with the vendor as part of the purchase process and from time to time will enter into derivative contracts to hedge a portion of the exposure to commodity risk. At December 31, 2018, we did not have any outstanding commodity derivative contracts in place. Based on our current outlook for commodity prices, the total impact of commodities is expected to have a negative impact on our gross margins for 2019 when compared to 2018.
We are a party to a credit agreement with various lenders consisting of a $700 million revolving loan facility and a $1,180.0 million term loan facility. Interest accrues on the revolving loan at variable rates based on LIBOR or “prime” plus the applicable add-on percentage as defined. At December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of $187.6 million on the revolving loan, and an outstanding balance of $1,150.0 million on the term loan. Assuming no additional borrowings or payments on the debt, a one-percent fluctuation in interest rates would have had an approximate $11.0 million impact to interest expense in 2018.


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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
 
Page
 

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting of the Company. This system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this evaluation, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—2013 Integrated Framework. Based on management’s evaluation and those criteria, management concluded that the Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.
Management has excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Polaris Boats, LLC (formerly known as Boat Holdings, LLC), which was acquired on July 2, 2018, and other 2018 acquisitions, whose collective financial statements constitute three percent of total assets, five percent of revenues and three percent of operating income of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Management’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing on the following page, in which they expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 
 
/S/ SCOTT W. WINE
 
Scott W. Wine
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
 
/S/ MICHAEL T. SPEETZEN
 
Michael T. Speetzen
Executive Vice President—Finance and
Chief Financial Officer
February 14, 2019
Further discussion of our internal controls and procedures is included in Item 9A of this report, under the caption “Controls and Procedures.”

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Polaris Industries Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Polaris Industries Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Polaris Industries Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.
As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Polaris Boats, LLC (formerly known as Boat Holdings, LLC) and other 2018 acquisitions, which are included in the 2018 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted three percent of total assets as of December 31, 2018 and five percent and three percent of revenues and operating income, respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Polaris Boats, LLC and the other 2018 acquisitions.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Polaris Industries Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a), and our report dated February 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 14, 2019

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Polaris Industries Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Polaris Industries Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to asses the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 14, 2019


 


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POLARIS INDUSTRIES INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
Assets
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Current Assets:
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
161,164

 
$
138,345

Trade receivables, net
197,082

 
200,144

Inventories, net
969,511

 
783,961

Prepaid expenses and other
121,472

 
101,453

Income taxes receivable
36,474

 
29,601

Total current assets
1,485,703

 
1,253,504

Property and equipment:
 
 
 
Land, buildings and improvements
462,224

 
410,604

Equipment and tooling
1,245,312

 
1,137,183

 
1,707,536

 
1,547,787

Less: accumulated depreciation
(864,414
)
 
(800,598
)
Property and equipment, net
843,122

 
747,189

Investment in finance affiliate
92,059

 
88,764

Deferred tax assets
87,474

 
115,511

Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
1,517,594

 
780,586

Other long-term assets
98,963

 
104,039

Total assets
$
4,124,915

 
$
3,089,593

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
 
 
 
Current liabilities:
 
 
 
Current portion of debt, capital lease obligations, and notes payable
$
66,543

 
$
47,746

Accounts payable
346,294

 
317,377

Accrued expenses:
 
 
 
Compensation
167,857

 
168,014

Warranties
121,824

 
123,840

Sales promotions and incentives
167,621

 
162,298

Dealer holdback
125,003

 
114,196

Other
197,687

 
186,103

Income taxes payable
4,545

 
10,737

Total current liabilities
1,197,374

 
1,130,311

Long-term income taxes payable
28,602

 
20,114

Capital lease obligations
16,140

 
18,351

Long-term debt
1,879,887

 
846,915

Deferred tax liabilities
6,490

 
10,128

Other long-term liabilities
122,570

 
120,398

Total liabilities
$
3,251,063

 
$
2,146,217

Deferred compensation
6,837

 
11,717

Shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock $0.01 par value, 20,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding

 

Common stock $0.01 par value, 160,000 shares authorized, 60,890 and 63,075 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
$
609

 
$
631

Additional paid-in capital
807,986

 
733,894

Retained earnings
121,393

 
242,763

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net
(62,973
)
 
(45,629
)
Total shareholders’ equity
867,015

 
931,659

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
4,124,915

 
$
3,089,593


The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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POLARIS INDUSTRIES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share data)
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Sales
$
6,078,540

 
$
5,428,477

 
$
4,516,629

Cost of sales
4,577,340

 
4,103,826

 
3,411,006

Gross profit
1,501,200

 
1,324,651

 
1,105,623

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
Selling and marketing
491,773

 
471,805

 
342,235

Research and development
259,682

 
238,299

 
185,126

General and administrative
349,763

 
331,196

 
306,442

Total operating expenses
1,101,218

 
1,041,300

 
833,803

Income from financial services
87,430

 
76,306

 
78,458

Operating income
487,412

 
359,657

 
350,278

Non-operating expense:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense
56,967

 
32,155

 
16,319

Equity in loss of other affiliates
29,252

 
6,760

 
6,873

Other (income) expense, net
(28,056
)
 
1,951

 
13,835

Income before income taxes
429,249

 
318,791

 
313,251

Provision for income taxes
93,992

 
146,299

 
100,303

Net income
$
335,257

 
$
172,492

 
$
212,948

Net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
5.36

 
$
2.74

 
$
3.31

Diluted
$
5.24

 
$
2.69

 
$
3.27

Weighted average shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
62,513

 
62,916

 
64,296

Diluted
63,949

 
64,180

 
65,158


The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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POLARIS INDUSTRIES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Net income
$
335,257

 
$
172,492

 
$
212,948

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(18,062
)
 
41,691

 
(19,773
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments
457

 
(330
)
 
(1,572
)
Retirement benefit plan activity
261

 
(3,153
)
 

Comprehensive income
$
317,913

 
$
210,700

 
$
191,603

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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POLARIS INDUSTRIES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except per share data)
 

 
Number
of Shares
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-
In Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss)
 
Total
Balance, December 31, 2015
65,309

 
$
653

 
$
596,143

 
$
447,173

 
$
(62,492
)
 
$
981,477

Employee stock compensation
303

 
3

 
57,924

 

 

 
57,927

Deferred compensation

 

 
1,379

 
(462
)
 

 
917

Proceeds from stock issuances under employee plans
405

 
4

 
17,686

 

 

 
17,690

Tax effect of exercise of stock options

 

 
3,578

 

 

 
3,578

Cash dividends declared ($2.20 per share)

 

 

 
(140,336
)
 

 
(140,336
)
Repurchase and retirement of common shares
(2,908
)
 
(29
)
 
(26,548
)
 
(219,239
)
 

 
(245,816
)
Net income

 

 

 
212,948

 

 
212,948

Other comprehensive gain (loss)

 

 

 

 
(21,345
)
 
(21,345