Use these links to rapidly review the document
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2013.
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
The Securities Act of 1933
ESPERION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
2834 (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
26-1870780 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
46701 Commerce Center Drive
Plymouth, MI 48170
(734) 862-4840
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)
Tim M. Mayleben
President and Chief Executive Officer
46701 Commerce Center Drive
Plymouth, MI 48170
(734) 862-4840
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to: | ||||
Mitchell S. Bloom, Esq. Arthur R. McGivern, Esq. Goodwin Procter LLP Exchange Place 53 State Street Boston, MA 02109 (617) 570-1000 |
Troy A. Ignelzi Vice PresidentBusiness Development Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 46701 Commerce Center Drive Plymouth, MI 48170 (734) 862-4840 |
Bruce K. Dallas, Esq. Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP 1600 El Camino Real Menlo Park, CA 94025 (650) 752-2000 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, check the following box. o
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer o | Accelerated Filer o | Non-Accelerated Filer ý (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Smaller Reporting Company o |
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
|
||||
Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered |
Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)(2) |
Amount of Registration Fee |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |
$70,000,000 | $9,548.00 | ||
|
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MAY 14, 2013
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
Shares
Common Stock
This is the initial public offering of shares of common stock of Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. All of the shares of common stock are being sold by Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per share will be between $ and $ . We have applied to list our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol "ESPR."
We are an "emerging growth company" under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Please read "Risk Factors" beginning on page 9.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined whether this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
|
Per Share | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial public offering price | $ | $ | ||||
Underwriting discounts and commissions | $ | $ | ||||
Proceeds to us, before expenses(1) | $ | $ |
We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to an additional shares of common stock solely to cover over-allotments.
Certain of our existing principal stockholders and their affiliated entities have indicated an interest in purchasing an aggregate of up to approximately $ million in shares of common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, these stockholders may elect not to purchase any shares in this offering.
Delivery of the shares is expected to be made on or about , 2013.
Credit Suisse | Citigroup | |
JMP Securities |
Stifel |
The date of this prospectus is , 2013.
Through and including , 2013 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We and the underwriters have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or any free writing prospectus. We and the underwriters are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, or other earlier date stated in this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock.
The market data and certain other statistical information used throughout this prospectus are based on independent industry publications, governmental publications, reports by market research firms or other independent sources. Some data are also based on our good faith estimates.
"Esperion Therapeutics, Inc." is our trademark. Other trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus may be referred to without the ® and symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent permissible under applicable law, their rights thereto.
i
This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. Before investing in our common stock, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. You should also consider, among other things, the matters described under "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in each case appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Unless otherwise stated, all references to "us," "our," "Esperion," "we," the "Company" and similar designations refer to Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of therapies for the treatment of patients with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiometabolic risk factors. ETC-1002, our lead product candidate, is a novel, first in class, orally available, once-daily small molecule therapy designed to target known lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways to lower levels of LDL-C and to avoid many of the side effects associated with existing LDL-C lowering therapies. To date, we have treated 238 subjects in five completed clinical trials, including two Phase 2a trials. We own the exclusive worldwide rights to ETC-1002.
Our founder, Executive Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer, Roger S. Newton, Ph.D., FAHA, co-discovered the statin marketed as Lipitor® (atorvastatin calcium), the most prescribed LDL-C lowering therapy in the world and the best-selling drug in the history of the pharmaceutical industry. We believe our management team has demonstrated expertise in understanding cholesterol biosynthesis and other related cardiometabolic pathways, the strengths and weaknesses of currently marketed therapies and the ability to recognize the potential of novel cholesterol regulating therapies.
Statins are the current standard of care for LDL-C lowering for approximately 30 million patients in the United States. However, based upon a recent academic survey, we estimate that more than 2 million U.S. adults have discontinued statin therapy because of muscle pain or weakness. We also believe that because symptoms of muscle pain or weakness occur in up to 20% of patients on statin therapy in clinical practice, the size of the statin intolerant market is poised to grow if a novel non-statin therapy becomes available.
We have one ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating ETC-1002 as an LDL-C lowering agent specifically in patients with a history of intolerance to two or more statins. We expect to initiate a larger Phase 2b clinical trial in this targeted population by the end of 2013 and to report top-line results by the end of 2014. Our completed Phase 2a clinical trials have demonstrated significant average LDL-C reductions as high as 43% and reductions comparable to statins in levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, or hsCRP, a key marker of inflammation.
We also intend to advance the development of ETC-1002 as a therapy for the approximately 11 million U.S. patients currently on statin therapy but who are unable to achieve their LDL-C goals. These patients, known as residual risk patients, remain at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We are currently evaluating the efficacy and interaction of ETC-1002 and a 10 mg dose of atorvastatin calcium in an ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial, and we expect to initiate a larger Phase 2b clinical trial in this patient population by the end of 2013 and to report top-line results by the end of 2014.
ETC-1002
ETC-1002 is a novel, first in class, orally available, once-daily LDL-C lowering small molecule therapy with unique dual mechanisms of action that have the potential to regulate both lipid and
1
carbohydrate metabolism. ETC-1002 works by inhibiting ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and activating 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Its regulation of ACL and AMPK is complementary, since both enzymes are known to play significant roles in the synthesis of cholesterol and glucose in the liver. By inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver, ETC-1002 causes the liver to take up LDL particles from the blood, which reduces blood LDL-C levels.
To date, we have studied ETC-1002 in five clinical trials. The results of our completed Phase 2a clinical trials are summarized below.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Patient Population |
|
Reduction in LDL-C from Baseline |
|
p-value |
|
||||||
Elevated LDL-C | Up to 27% | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Type 2 Diabetes and Elevated LDL-C |
Up to 43% | <0.0001 |
We have also demonstrated significant reductions in hsCRP in our completed clinical trials. Our post hoc analyses have further indicated that ETC-1002 could potentially have a beneficial effect on blood glucose, blood pressure and excess weight. Across all of our completed clinical trials, ETC-1002 has been well-tolerated and not associated with serious side effects. There have been no serious adverse events in ETC-1002 treated patients.
Populations of Interest
Statin Intolerant Market
We are initially pursuing the clinical development of ETC-1002 as a therapy for patients with elevated levels of LDL-C, or hypercholesterolemia, who are statin intolerant. Various studies estimate that more than 50% of patients stop taking statins within one year of initiating treatment. Not surprisingly, poor statin adherence is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. Although several reasons are cited for poor adherence, muscle pain or weakness is the most common side effect experienced by statin users and the most common cause for discontinuing therapy.
In addition to the 2 million U.S. adults who have discontinued statin therapy because of muscle pain or weakness, a significant proportion of patients still remain on statin therapy despite these side effects. A study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in August 2008 estimated that up to 20% of statin-treated patients in clinical practice complained of muscle pain.
The most prescribed therapies for elevated LDL-C levels other than statins each reported average LDL-C lowering of up to 18% in pivotal clinical trials. We believe these modest LDL-C lowering capacities are often insufficient for most hypercholesterolemic patients to reach their LDL-C goals. We believe these points underscore the need for a safe and efficacious non-statin, oral, once-daily, small molecule LDL-C lowering therapy.
Residual Risk Market
We also intend to continue the development of ETC-1002 as an add-on therapy for hypercholesterolemic patients who are unable to reach their recommended LDL-C goals despite the use of statin therapy. The severity of hypercholesterolemia in these patients, their level of residual cardiovascular disease risk and their therapeutic options all vary widely. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, "Vital Signs: Prevalence, Treatment, and Control of High Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein CholesterolUnited States, 1999 - 2002 and 2005 - 2008," we estimate that 70% of the 11 million residual risk patients in the United States, or 7.7 million people, are within 30% of their LDL-C goal. Based upon the clinical results we have observed to date, we
2
believe that ETC-1002, if approved, could be a preferred therapeutic alternative for patients with residual risk, physicians and payors.
Our Strategy
Our objective is to be a leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of novel therapies for the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia and other cardiometabolic risk factors. The core elements of our strategy include:
Risks Affecting Us
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section entitled "Risk Factors" immediately following this prospectus summary. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
3
our Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials, we may be unable to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize ETC-1002.
Our Corporate Information
We were founded in January 2008 by former executives of and investors in the original Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, which was primarily focused on the research and development of therapies to regulate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or HDL-C. After successfully completing a Phase 2a clinical trial with its synthetic HDL therapy, the original Esperion was acquired by Pfizer Inc. in 2004. ETC-1002 was first discovered at the original Esperion and we subsequently acquired the rights to it from Pfizer in 2008. To date, we have raised approximately $57 million to develop ETC-1002.
Our principal executive offices are located at 46701 Commerce Center Drive, Plymouth, Michigan 48170 and our telephone number is (734) 862-4840. Our website address is www.esperion.com. We do not incorporate the information on or accessible through our website into this prospectus, and you should not consider any information on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus.
4
The Offering
Common stock offered by us | shares | |
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
shares ( shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares in full) |
|
Underwriters' option to purchase additional shares |
We have granted a 30-day option to the underwriters to purchase up to an aggregate of additional shares of common stock to cover over-allotments, if any. |
|
Use of Proceeds |
We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of $ million based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the estimated price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the clinical development of ETC-1002 through the completion of our currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trials and end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes, including funding the costs of operating as a public company. We expect to announce top-line results from our latest currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trial in the fourth quarter of 2014 and to have our end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA in the first quarter of 2015. See "Use of Proceeds" for additional information. |
|
Risk Factors |
You should carefully read "Risk Factors" in this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should consider before deciding to invest in our common stock. |
|
Proposed NASDAQ Global Market Symbol |
"ESPR" |
Certain of our existing principal stockholders, , and their affiliated entities, have indicated an interest in purchasing an aggregate of up to approximately $ million in shares of common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Based on the initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the estimated price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, these stockholders would purchase an aggregate of up to of the shares in this offering. Because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, these stockholders may elect not to purchase any shares in this offering. It is also possible that our existing principal stockholders and their affiliated entities could purchase an amount of shares of common stock that exceeds their expressed interest.
The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 60,021,137 shares of our common stock outstanding as of April 30, 2013 and excludes:
5
Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus reflects or assumes the following:
6
Summary Financial Data
The following tables summarize the financial data for our business. You should read this summary financial data together with "Capitalization," "Selected Financial Data," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our financial statements and related notes, all included elsewhere in this prospectus.
We derived the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We derived the statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the period from inception (January 22, 2008) to March 31, 2013 from our unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results, and results for the three months ended March 31, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2013.
|
Years Ended December 31, |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Three Months Ended March 31, |
|
||||||||||||||
|
Period From January 22, 2008 (Inception) through March 31, 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
|
2012 | 2011 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||
|
(in thousands, except share and per share data) |
|||||||||||||||
Statement of Operations Data: |
||||||||||||||||
Grant income |
$ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | 244 | ||||||
Operating expenses: |
||||||||||||||||
Research and development |
7,998 | 7,807 | 2,093 | 1,557 | 29,506 | |||||||||||
General and administrative |
2,206 | 2,357 | 1,251 | 633 | 12,701 | |||||||||||
Acquired in-process research and development |
| | | | 86 | |||||||||||
Total operating expenses |
10,204 | 10,164 | 3,344 | 2,190 | 42,293 | |||||||||||
Loss from operations |
(10,204 | ) | (10,164 | ) | (3,344 | ) | (2,190 | ) | (42,049 | ) | ||||||
Total other income (expense) |
(1,538 | ) | (653 | ) | (895 | ) | (259 | ) | (4,165 | ) | ||||||
Net loss |
$ | (11,742 | ) | $ | (10,817 | ) | $ | (4,239 | ) | $ | (2,449 | ) | $ | (46,214 | ) | |
Per share information: |
||||||||||||||||
Net loss per share, basic and diluted |
$ | (5.20 | ) | $ | (1.75 | ) | ||||||||||
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted |
2,259,480 | 2,420,545 | ||||||||||||||
Pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(1) |
$ | (0.45 | ) | $ | (0.12 | ) | ||||||||||
Pro forma weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited)(1) |
26,234,480 | (2) | 35,261,194 | (3) | ||||||||||||
7
shares of Series A preferred stock on April 19, 2013 and (iv) the exercise of warrants to purchase 1,940,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock.
The table below presents a summary of our balance sheet data as of March 31, 2013:
|
As of March 31, 2013 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Actual | Pro Forma | Pro Forma As Adjusted |
|||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Balance Sheet Data: |
||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 3,886 | $ | $ | ||||||
Working capital (deficit) |
2,436 | |||||||||
Total assets |
5,265 | |||||||||
Total convertible short-term debt |
| |||||||||
Total convertible long-term debt |
7,529 | |||||||||
Convertible preferred stock warrant liability |
307 | |||||||||
Convertible preferred stock |
40,598 | |||||||||
Deficit accumulated during the development stage |
(46,214 | ) | ||||||||
Total stockholders' deficit |
(45,549 | ) |
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the estimated price range shown on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease), on a pro forma as adjusted basis, the amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital (deficit), total assets and total stockholders' (deficit) equity by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducing estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease), on a pro forma as adjusted basis, the amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital (deficit), total assets and total stockholders' (deficit) equity by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.
8
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. Any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we do not currently deem material may also impair our business operations.
Risks Related to our Business and the Clinical Development and Commercialization of ETC-1002
We depend almost entirely on the success of one product candidate, ETC-1002, which is still in Phase 2 clinical development. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, ETC-1002.
We currently have only one product candidate, ETC-1002, in clinical development, and our business depends almost entirely on its successful clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization. We currently have no drug products for sale and may never be able to develop marketable drug products. ETC-1002, which is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials, will require substantial additional clinical development, testing, and regulatory approval before we are permitted to commence its commercialization. Our other product candidates are still in pre-clinical development stages. None of our product candidates have advanced into a pivotal study, and it may be years before such study is initiated, if ever. The clinical trials of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates will be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States and in other countries where we intend to test and, if approved, market any product candidate. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate, we must demonstrate through pre-clinical testing and clinical trials that the product candidate is safe and effective for use in each target indication. This process can take many years and may include post-marketing studies and surveillance, which will require the expenditure of substantial resources beyond the proceeds we raise in this offering. Of the large number of drugs in development in the United States, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA regulatory approval process and are commercialized. Accordingly, even if we are able to obtain the requisite financing to continue to fund our development and clinical programs, we cannot assure you that ETC-1002 or any other of our product candidates will be successfully developed or commercialized.
We are not permitted to market ETC-1002 in the United States until we receive approval of a New Drug Application, or NDA, from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from such countries. As a condition to submitting an NDA to the FDA for ETC-1002 regarding its ability to treat patients with hypercholesterolemia, we currently expect to complete two Phase 2b clinical trials, two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials and one long-term safety study. We have not commenced any of these clinical trials. Obtaining approval of an NDA is a complex, lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA may delay, limit or deny approval of ETC-1002 for many reasons, including, among others:
9
Any of these factors, many of which are beyond our control, could jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully market ETC-1002. Moreover, because our business is almost entirely dependent upon this one product candidate, any such setback in our pursuit of regulatory approval would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.
Failures or delays in the commencement or completion of our Phase 2b or pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of ETC-1002 could result in increased costs to us and could delay, prevent or limit our ability to generate revenue and continue our business.
We have not commenced our Phase 2b or pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials. Successful completion of such clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting an NDA to the FDA and, consequently, the ultimate approval and commercial marketing of ETC-1002. We do not know whether our Phase 2b or pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials will begin or be completed on schedule, if at all, as the commencement and completion of clinical trials can be delayed or prevented for a number of reasons, including, among others:
10
Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, the IRBs at the sites where the IRBs are overseeing a clinical trial, a data safety monitoring board, or DSMB, overseeing the clinical trial at issue or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including, among others:
Positive results from Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials of ETC-1002 are not necessarily predictive of the results of our planned Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials of ETC-1002. If we cannot replicate the positive results from our Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials of ETC-1002 in our Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials, we may be unable to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize ETC-1002.
Positive results from ETC-1002-006, our Phase 2a clinical trial, may not necessarily be predictive of the results from ETC-1002-007, our other ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial for which we expect to announce top-line efficacy and safety results in the third quarter of 2013. Similarly, even if we are able to complete our planned Phase 2b and pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of ETC-1002 according to our current development timeline, the positive results from our Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials of
11
ETC-1002 may not be replicated in our Phase 2b or pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial results. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials after achieving positive results in early stage development, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. These setbacks have been caused by, among other things, pre-clinical findings made while clinical trials were underway or safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events. Our Phase 2b clinical trials will evaluate the safety and efficacy of ETC-1002 in statin-intolerant patients and as an add-on to existing statin treatments for patients with residual risk. We expect that our Phase 3 clinical trials will evaluate the safety and efficacy of ETC-1002 in these same patient populations. Nevertheless, the results from our Phase 2a clinical trials for ETC-1002 may not be predictive of the results we may obtain in our Phase 2b or Phase 3 clinical trials of ETC-1002. Moreover, pre-clinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain FDA approval. If we fail to produce positive results in our Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials of ETC-1002, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for our leading product candidate, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, would be materially adversely affected.
We may need substantial additional capital in the future. If additional capital is not available, we will have to delay, reduce or cease operations.
Although we believe that the net proceeds from this offering will be sufficient to fund our operations through the completion of our currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trials and end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA, we will likely need to raise additional capital thereafter to continue to fund the further development of ETC-1002 and our operations. We expect to announce top-line results from our latest currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trial in the fourth quarter of 2014 and to have our end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA in the first quarter of 2015. Our future capital requirements may be substantial and will depend on many factors including:
12
Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate. Because the outcome of any clinical trial is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of ETC-1002 and any future product candidates. Additional financing may not be available when we need it or may not be available on terms that are favorable to us. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If adequate funds are unavailable to us on a timely basis, or at all, we may not be able to continue the development of ETC-1002 or any future product candidate, or to commercialize ETC-1002 or any future product candidate, if approved, unless we find a partner.
We are a development stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.
We are a development stage company with a limited operating history on which to base your investment decision. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We were incorporated in January 2008. Our operations to date have been limited primarily to organizing and staffing our company and conducting research and development activities for ETC-1002. We have never generated any revenue from product sales. We have not obtained regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates. As such, we are subject to all the risks described in this prospectus incident to the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of new pharmaceutical products and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors.
Since our inception, we have focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on developing ETC-1002, which is currently in Phase 2 clinical development. We have funded our operations to date through proceeds from sales of preferred stock and convertible debt and have incurred losses in each year since our inception. Our net losses were $4.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013, $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. As of March 31, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $46.2 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with our development program and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur increasing levels of operating losses over the next several years and for the foreseeable future. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders' equity and working capital. We expect our research and development expenses to significantly increase in connection with our additional clinical trials of ETC-1002 and development of any other product candidates we may choose to pursue. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for ETC-1002, we will incur significant sales, marketing and outsourced manufacturing expenses. Once we are a public company, we will incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. Even if we do become profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
13
Changes in regulatory requirements, FDA guidance or unanticipated events during our Phase 2b or Phase 3 clinical trials of ETC-1002 may occur, which may result in changes to clinical trial protocols or additional clinical trial requirements, such as the initiation or completion of a cardiovascular outcomes study, which could result in increased costs to us and could delay our development timeline.
Changes in regulatory requirements, FDA guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may force us to amend clinical trial protocols or the FDA may impose additional clinical trial requirements. Amendments to our clinical trial protocols would require resubmission to the FDA and IRBs for review and approval, which may adversely impact the cost, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays completingor if we terminateany of our Phase 2b or Phase 3 clinical trials, or if we are required to conduct additional clinical trials, such as a cardiovascular outcomes study, the commercial prospects for ETC-1002 may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue will be delayed. If the FDA requires us to conduct a cardiovascular outcomes study, we may not be able to identify and enroll the requisite number of patients in that study. Even if we are successful in enrolling patients in a cardiovascular outcomes study, we may not ultimately be able to demonstrate that lowering LDL-C levels using ETC-1002 provides patients with an incremental lowering of cardiovascular disease risks and our failure to do so may delay or prejudice our ability to obtain FDA approval for ETC-1002. Our current development timeline for ETC-1002 does not contemplate the completion of a cardiovascular outcomes study. Any such study, if required, would be costly and time-consuming and, regardless of the outcome, would adversely affect our development timeline and financial condition.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ETC-1002, we may still face future development and regulatory difficulties.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ETC-1002, regulatory authorities may still impose significant restrictions on ETC-1002's indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies, such as a cardiovascular outcomes study. ETC-1002 will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage and promotion of the product and recordkeeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. The FDA has significant post-market authority, including, for example, the authority to require labeling changes based on new safety information and to require post-market studies or clinical trials to evaluate serious safety risks related to the use of a drug. The FDA also has the authority to require, as part of an NDA or post-approval, the submission of a REMS. Any REMS required by the FDA may lead to increased costs to assure compliance with new post-approval regulatory requirements and potential requirements or restrictions on the sale of approved products, all of which could lead to lower sales volume and revenue.
Manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices and other regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover problems with ETC-1002, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where ETC-1002 is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on ETC-1002, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of ETC-1002 from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we, ETC-1002 or the manufacturing facilities for ETC-1002 fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may, among other things:
14
Even if we receive marketing approval for ETC-1002 in the United States, we may never receive regulatory approval to market ETC-1002 outside of the United States.
We have not yet selected any markets outside of the United States where we intend to seek regulatory approval to market ETC-1002. In order to market any product outside of the United States, however, we must establish and comply with the numerous and varying safety, efficacy and other regulatory requirements of other countries. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product candidate testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approvals in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The marketing approval processes in other countries may implicate all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States as well as other risks. In particular, in many countries outside of the United States, products must receive pricing and reimbursement approval before the product can be commercialized. Obtaining this approval can result in substantial delays in bringing products to market in such countries. Marketing approval in one country does not ensure marketing approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining marketing approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain marketing approval in other countries or any delay or other setback in obtaining such approval would impair our ability to market ETC-1002 in such foreign markets. Any such impairment would reduce the size of our potential market, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects.
Even if we receive marketing approval for ETC-1002, it may not achieve broad market acceptance, which would limit the revenue that we generate from its sales.
The commercial success of ETC-1002, if approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, will depend upon the awareness and acceptance of ETC-1002 among the medical community, including physicians, patients and healthcare payors. Market acceptance of ETC-1002, if approved, will depend on a number of factors, including, among others:
15
If ETC-1002 is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by patients, physicians and payors, we may not generate sufficient revenue from ETC-1002 to become or remain profitable. Before granting reimbursement approval, healthcare payors may require us to demonstrate that, in addition to lowering elevated LDL-C levels, ETC-1002 also provides incremental cardiovascular disease benefits to patients. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors about the benefits of ETC-1002 may require significant resources and may never be successful.
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell ETC-1002, we may not be able to generate any revenue.
We do not currently have an infrastructure for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. In order to market ETC-1002, if approved by the FDA or any other regulatory body, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial, and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, or if we are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects will be materially adversely affected.
Even if we obtain marketing approval for ETC-1002, physicians and patients using other LDL-C lowering therapies may choose not to switch to our product.
Physicians are often reluctant to switch their patients from existing therapies even when new and potentially more effective or convenient treatments enter the market. In addition, patients often acclimate to the brand or type of therapy that they are currently taking and do not want to switch unless their physicians recommend switching products or they are required to switch therapies due to lack of reimbursement for existing therapies. If physicians or patients are reluctant to switch from existing therapies to ETC-1002, if approved, our operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.
Guidelines and recommendations published by various organizations may adversely affect the use or commercial viability of ETC-1002, if approved.
Government agencies issue regulations and guidelines directly applicable to us and to ETC-1002, including guidelines generally relating to therapeutically significant LDL-C levels. In addition, professional societies, practice management groups, private health or science foundations and other organizations involved in the research, treatment and prevention of various diseases from time to time publish guidelines or recommendations to the medical and patient communities. These various sorts of recommendations may relate to such matters as product usage and use of related or competing therapies. For example, organizations such as the American Heart Association have made recommendations about therapies in the cardiovascular therapeutics market. Changes to these existing recommendations or other guidelines advocating alternative therapies could result in decreased use of ETC-1002, if approved, which would adversely affect our results of operations.
Even if approved, reimbursement policies could limit our ability to sell ETC-1002.
Market acceptance and sales of ETC-1002 will depend on reimbursement policies and may be affected by healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for those medications. Cost containment is a primary concern in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere. Government authorities and these third-party payors have
16
attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for ETC-1002 and, if reimbursement is available, the level of such reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, ETC-1002. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize ETC-1002.
In some foreign countries, particularly in Canada and European countries, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to strict governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to 12 months or longer after the receipt of regulatory approval and product launch. To obtain favorable reimbursement for the indications sought or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of ETC-1002 with other available therapies. If reimbursement for ETC-1002 is unavailable in any country in which we seek reimbursement, if it is limited in scope or amount, if it is conditioned upon our completion of additional clinical trials, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our operating results could be materially adversely affected.
Our product development programs for candidates other than ETC-1002 may require substantial financial resources and may ultimately be unsuccessful.
In addition to the development of ETC-1002, we may pursue development of our other two early-stage development programs. Neither of our other potential product candidates has commenced any clinical trials, and there are a number of FDA requirements that we must satisfy before we can commence clinical trials. Satisfaction of these requirements will entail substantial time, effort and financial resources. We may never satisfy these requirements. Any time, effort and financial resources we expend on our other two early-stage development programs may adversely affect our ability to continue development and commercialization of ETC-1002, and we may never commence clinical trials of such development programs despite expending significant resources in pursuit of their development. If we do commence clinical trials of our other potential product candidates, such product candidates may never be approved by the FDA.
Recent federal legislation will increase pressure to reduce prices of pharmaceutical products paid for by Medicare, which could materially adversely affect our revenue, if any, and our results of operations.
In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, also called the MMA, changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. In addition, this legislation provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. As a result of this legislation and the expansion of federal coverage of drug products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to reduce costs. These cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the scope of coverage and the price that we receive for any approved products and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in reimbursement that results from the MMA may cause a similar reduction in payments from private payors. This legislation may pose an even greater risk to ETC-1002 than some other pharmaceutical products because a significant portion of the target patient population for ETC-1002 would likely be over 65 years of age and, therefore, many such patients will be covered by Medicare.
In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the PPACA, became law in the United States. The goal of the PPACA is to reduce the cost of healthcare and substantially change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. While we cannot predict what
17
impact on federal reimbursement policies this legislation will have in general or on our business specifically, the PPACA may result in downward pressure on pharmaceutical reimbursement, which could negatively affect market acceptance of ETC-1002, if approved, or any of our future products. In 2012, members of the U.S. Congress and some state legislatures sought to overturn certain provisions of the PPACA including those concerning the mandatory purchase of insurance. However, on June 28, 2012, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of these provisions. Members of the U.S. Congress have since proposed a number of legislative initiatives, including possible repeal of the PPACA. We cannot predict the outcome or impact of current proposals or whether new proposals will be made or adopted, when they may be adopted or what impact they may have on us if they are adopted.
Finally, the availability of generic LDL-C lowering treatments may also substantially reduce the likelihood of reimbursement for branded counterparts or other competitive LDL-C lowering therapies, such as ETC-1002 if it is approved for commercial distribution. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for our products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business will be harmed.
Recent federal legislation and actions by state and local governments may permit reimportation of drugs from foreign countries into the United States, including foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the United States, which could materially adversely affect our operating results.
We may face competition for ETC-1002, if approved, from cheaper LDL-C lowering therapies sourced from foreign countries that have placed price controls on pharmaceutical products. The MMA contains provisions that may change U.S. importation laws and expand pharmacists' and wholesalers' ability to import cheaper versions of an approved drug and competing products from Canada, where there are government price controls. These changes to U.S. importation laws will not take effect unless and until the Secretary of Health and Human Services certifies that the changes will pose no additional risk to the public's health and safety and will result in a significant reduction in the cost of products to consumers. The Secretary of Health and Human Services has so far declined to approve a reimportation plan. Proponents of drug reimportation may attempt to pass legislation that would directly allow reimportation under certain circumstances. Legislation or regulations allowing the reimportation of drugs, if enacted, could decrease the price we receive for any products that we may develop, including ETC-1002, and adversely affect our future revenues and prospects for profitability.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as ETC-1002 if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product's approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for ETC-1002 as a therapy for lowering LDL-C levels in statin intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia, the first indication we intend to pursue, physicians may nevertheless prescribe ETC-1002 to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label, potentially including as a therapy in addition to statins. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of ETC-1002, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
18
Our market is subject to intense competition. If we are unable to compete effectively, our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of ETC-1002, if approved, will be materially adversely affected.
The LDL-C lowering therapies market is highly competitive and dynamic and dominated by the sale of statin treatments, including the cheaper generic versions of statins. We estimate that the total statin monotherapy and fixed combination market, including generic drugs, accounted for 69% of U.S. sales in the LDL-C lowering market in 2012. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain a share of the market, initially, for patients who are statin intolerant. Potential competitors in North America, Europe and elsewhere include major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, universities and other research institutions and government agencies. Other pharmaceutical companies may develop LDL-C lowering therapies for statin intolerant patients that compete with ETC-1002, if approved, that do not infringe the claims of our patents, pending patent applications or other proprietary rights, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering therapies currently on the market that would compete with ETC-1002 include the following:
Several other pharmaceutical companies have other LDL-C lowering therapies in development that may be approved for marketing in the United States or outside of the United States. Based on publicly available information, we believe the current therapies in development that would compete with ETC-1002 include:
Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience discovering and developing drug candidates, obtaining FDA and other marketing approvals of products and commercializing those products. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we may be in obtaining FDA approval for drugs and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors' drugs may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than ETC-1002, if approved, and may render ETC-1002 obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of developing and commercializing it. If approved, ETC-1002 may also compete with unapproved and off-label LDL-C lowering treatments, and following the expiration of additional patents covering the LDL-C lowering market, we may also face
19
additional competition from the entry of new generic drugs. We anticipate that we will encounter intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter the market and advanced technologies become available. See "Business" in this prospectus for more information regarding these competitive products.
We face potential product liability exposure, and, if claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability.
The use of ETC-1002 in clinical trials and the sale of ETC-1002, if approved, exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by patients, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with ETC-1002. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, including as a result of interactions with alcohol or other drugs, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we become subject to product liability claims and cannot successfully defend ourselves against them, we could incur substantial liabilities. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in, among other things:
We maintain product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials with a $2 million annual aggregate coverage limit. Nevertheless, our insurance coverage may be insufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses, including if insurance coverage becomes increasingly expensive. If and when we obtain marketing approval for ETC-1002, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may not be able to obtain this product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceedings, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, particularly in light of the size of our business and financial resources. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if we are unsuccessful in defending such a claim or claims and the resulting judgments exceed our insurance coverage, our financial condition, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
20
We are subject to healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
Healthcare providers, physicians and others will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of ETC-1002, if approved. Our future arrangements with third-party payors will expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute ETC-1002, if we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:
Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations, including anticipated activities to be conducted by our sales team, were found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines and exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
21
Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party clinical research organizations or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our ETC-1002 development programs.
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third-party clinical research organizations and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident, or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for ETC-1002 could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities and the further development of ETC-1002 could be delayed.
Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology or maintain issued patents which are sufficient to protect ETC-1002, others could compete against us more directly, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
Our commercial success will depend in part on our success obtaining and maintaining issued patents and other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.
As of April 30, 2013, Esperion's patent estate, including patents we own or license from third parties, on a worldwide basis, included approximately 15 issued United States patents and 6 pending United States patent applications and 6 issued patents and 25 pending patent applications in other foreign jurisdictions. Of our worldwide patents and pending applications, only a subset relates to our small molecule program which includes our lead product candidate, ETC-1002. ETC-1002 is claimed in U.S. Patent No. 7,335,799 that is scheduled to expire in December 2025, which includes 711 days of patent term adjustment, and may be eligible for a patent term extension period of up to 5 years. At least one pending United States patent application claims a method of treatment using ETC-1002. There are currently three issued patents and four pending applications in countries outside the United States that relate to ETC-1002.
A second subset of this portfolio relates to our early-stage product candidate ESP41091. ESP41091 is claimed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,119,221 and 7,405,226. Various methods of treatment using ESP41091 are claimed in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,153,690 and 8,309,604 and in at least one other pending application in the United States. There are currently two issued patents and four pending applications in countries outside the United States that relate to ESP41091.
Our 4WF patent portfolio currently consists of 19 issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions regarding apolipoprotein mixtures, dimeric oxidation-resistant apolipoprotein variants and oxidant resistant apolipoprotein A1 variants and mimetic peptides thereof.
We cannot assure you that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications will mature into issued patents that will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect ETC-1002 or our other product candidates. Others have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our approach, and may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may
22
receive patents that may overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or formulations or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including our patent position, involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the issuance, scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated, or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings, ex parte reexamination, or inter partes review proceedings, supplemental examination and challenges in district court. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review, or comparable proceedings lodged in various national and regional patent offices. These proceedings could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such interference, re-examination, opposition, post-grant review, inter partes review, supplemental examination or revocation proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own or exclusively license may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third-party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to develop, market or otherwise commercialize ETC-1002.
Furthermore, the issuance of a patent, while presumed valid and enforceable, is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors may also be able to design around our patents. Other parties may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, vendors, former employees and current employees. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries. If these developments were to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our sales.
Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It is difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor's or potential competitor's product. Any litigation to enforce or defend our patent rights, if any, even if we were to prevail, could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.
In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If, in any proceeding, a court invalidated or found unenforceable our patents covering ETC-1002, our financial position and results of operations would be materially and adversely impacted. In addition, if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered ETC-1002, our financial position and results of operations would also be materially and adversely impacted.
The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:
23
We rely upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and our collaborators and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us. It is possible that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.
If we are not able to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be significantly diminished.
We rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary technologies, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, contract manufacturers, vendors and other advisors to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have executed these agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets.
Moreover, because we acquired certain rights to our lead product candidate from Pfizer, we must rely on Pfizer's practices, and those of its predecessors, with regard to parties that may have had access to our trade secrets related thereto before our incorporation. Any party with whom we or they have executed such an agreement may breach that agreement and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they disclose such trade secrets, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, our competitive position would be harmed.
24
We may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may prevent or delay our product development efforts and stop us from commercializing or increase the costs of commercializing ETC-1002, if approved.
Our success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that our business, products and methods do not or will not infringe the patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties.
The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Other parties may allege that ETC-1002 or the use of our technologies infringes patent claims or other intellectual property rights held by them or that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. Patent and other types of intellectual property litigation can involve complex factual and legal questions, and their outcome is uncertain. Any claim relating to intellectual property infringement that is successfully asserted against us may require us to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorney's fees if we are found to be willfully infringing another party's patents, for past use of the asserted intellectual property and royalties and other consideration going forward if we are forced to take a license. In addition, if any such claim were successfully asserted against us and we could not obtain such a license, we may be forced to stop or delay developing, manufacturing, selling or otherwise commercializing ETC-1002.
Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management time and attention in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we are unable to avoid infringing the patent rights of others, we may be required to seek a license, defend an infringement action or challenge the validity of the patents in court, or redesign our products. Patent litigation is costly and time consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. In addition, intellectual property litigation or claims could force us to do one or more of the following:
Any of these risks coming to fruition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
The United States has recently enacted and is currently implementing the America Invents Act of 2011, wide-ranging patent reform legislation. The United States Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the U.S. PTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.
25
Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
The U.S. PTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.
We could become dependent on licensed intellectual property. If we were to lose our rights to licensed intellectual property, we may not be able to continue developing or commercializing ETC-1002 or our other product candidates, if approved.
In the future, we may enter into license(s) to third-party intellectual property that are necessary or useful to our business. Such license agreement(s) will likely impose various obligations upon us, and our licensor(s) have or may have the right to terminate the license thereunder in the event of a material breach or, in some cases, at will. Future licensor(s) may allege that we have breached our license agreement with them or decide to terminate our license at will, and accordingly seek to terminate our license. If successful, this could result in our loss of the right to use the licensed intellectual property, which could materially adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize a product candidate or product, if approved, as well as harm our competitive business position and our business prospects.
We do not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries and jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may
26
be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
Our employees have been previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we are not aware of any claims currently pending against us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize ETC-1002, which would materially adversely affect our commercial development efforts.
Risks Related to our Dependence on Third Parties
We will be unable to directly control all aspects of our clinical trials due to our reliance on CROs and other third parties that assist us in conducting clinical trials.
We will rely on CROs to conduct our Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials for ETC-1002. As a result, we will have less direct control over the conduct, timing and completion of these clinical trials and the management of data developed through the clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Outside parties may:
These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control.
Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements.
Problems with the timeliness or quality of the work of any CRO may lead us to seek to terminate our relationship with any such CRO and use an alternative service provider. Making this change may be costly and may delay our clinical trials, and contractual restrictions may make such a change difficult or impossible to effect. If we must replace any CRO that is conducting our clinical trials, our clinical trials may have to be suspended until we find another CRO that offers comparable services. The time that it takes us to find alternative organizations may cause a delay in the commercialization of ETC-1002 or may cause us to incur significant expenses to replicate data that may be lost. Although we do not believe that any CRO on which we may rely will offer services that are not available elsewhere, it may be difficult to find a replacement organization that can conduct our clinical trials in an
27
acceptable manner and at an acceptable cost. Any delay in or inability to complete our clinical trials could significantly compromise our ability to secure regulatory approval of ETC-1002 and preclude our ability to commercialize ETC-1002, thereby limiting or preventing our ability to generate revenue from its sales.
We rely completely on third-party suppliers to manufacture our clinical drug supplies for ETC-1002, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce commercial supplies of ETC-1002 and pre-clinical, clinical and commercial supplies of any future product candidate.
We do not currently have, nor do we plan to acquire, the infrastructure or capability to internally manufacture our clinical drug supply of ETC-1002, or any future product candidates, for use in the conduct of our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, and we lack the internal resources and the capability to manufacture any product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredient and final drug for ETC-1002, or any future product candidates, must be approved by the FDA and other comparable foreign regulatory agencies pursuant to inspections that would be conducted after we submit our NDA or relevant foreign regulatory submission to the applicable regulatory agency.
We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers to comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices for manufacture of both active drug substances and finished drug products. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory agencies, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no direct control over our contract manufacturers' ability to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. Furthermore, all of our contract manufacturers are engaged with other companies to supply and/or manufacture materials or products for such companies, which exposes our manufacturers to regulatory risks for the production of such materials and products. As a result, failure to satisfy the regulatory requirements for the production of those materials and products may affect the regulatory clearance of our contract manufacturers' facilities generally. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory agency does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws its approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would adversely impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates.
If we do not establish successful collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans for ETC-1002.
Our drug development programs and commercialization plans for ETC-1002 will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We may develop and initially commercialize ETC-1002 in the United States without a partner. However, in order to pursue the broader residual risk market in the United States, we may also enter into a partnership or co-promotion arrangement with an established pharmaceutical company that has a larger sales force and we may enter into collaborative arrangements to develop and commercialize ETC-1002 outside of the United States. We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators and these collaboration agreements are complex and time-consuming to negotiate. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. If that were to occur, we may have to curtail the development or delay commercialization of ETC-1002 in certain geographies, reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities, reduce the scope of our commercialization plans, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities outside of the United States on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.
28
If a collaborative partner terminates or fails to perform its obligations under an agreement with us, the commercialization of ETC-1002 could be delayed or terminated.
We are not currently party to any collaborative arrangements for the commercialization of ETC-1002 or similar arrangements, although we may pursue such arrangements before any commercialization of ETC-1002 outside of the United States or to further commercialize ETC-1002 in the broader residual risk market in the United States, if approved. If we are successful in entering into collaborative arrangements for the commercialization of ETC-1002 or similar arrangements and any of our collaborative partners does not devote sufficient time and resources to a collaboration arrangement with us, we may not realize the potential commercial benefits of the arrangement, and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In addition, if any such future collaboration partner were to breach or terminate its arrangements with us, the commercialization of ETC-1002 could be delayed, curtailed or terminated because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue commercialization of ETC-1002 on our own in such locations.
Much of the potential revenue from future collaborations may consist of contingent payments, such as payments for achieving regulatory milestones or royalties payable on sales of drugs. The milestone and royalty revenue that we may receive under these collaborations will depend upon our collaborators' ability to successfully develop, introduce, market and sell new products. In addition, collaborators may decide to enter into arrangements with third parties to commercialize products developed under collaborations using our technologies, which could reduce the milestone and royalty revenue that we may receive, if any. Future collaboration partners may fail to develop or effectively commercialize products using our products or technologies because they:
Competition may negatively impact a partner's focus on and commitment to ETC-1002 and, as a result, could delay or otherwise negatively affect the commercialization of ETC-1002 outside of the United States or in the broader residual risk market in the United States. If future collaboration partners fail to develop or effectively commercialize ETC-1002 for any of these reasons, our sales of ETC-1002, if approved, may be limited, which would have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Risks Related to General Business, Employee Matters and Managing Growth
We will need to develop and expand our company, and we may encounter difficulties in managing this development and expansion, which could disrupt our operations.
We currently have 13 employees, and in connection with becoming a public company, we expect to increase our number of employees and the scope of our operations. To manage our anticipated development and expansion, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away
29
from its day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these development activities. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. This may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of ETC-1002. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected development and expansion, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize ETC-1002, if approved, and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage the future development and expansion of our company.
Our future success depends on our ability to retain both our founder, Executive Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer and our President and Chief Executive Officer, and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
We are highly dependent on Dr. Roger S. Newton, our founder, Executive Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer, and Tim M. Mayleben, our President and Chief Executive Officer. We have entered into employment agreements with Dr. Newton and Mr. Mayleben, but any employee may terminate his or her employment with us. Although we do not have any reason to believe that we will lose the services of either Dr. Newton or Mr. Mayleben in the foreseeable future, the loss of the services of either individual might impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. We rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific personnel from universities and research institutions. Failure to succeed in clinical trials may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified scientific personnel.
Our company lacks experience commercializing products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.
We will need to transition from a company with a development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may be unsuccessful in making such a transition. Our company has never filed an NDA and has not yet demonstrated an ability to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize a product candidate. Therefore, our clinical development and regulatory approval process may involve more inherent risk, take longer, and cost more than it would if we were a company with a more significant operating history and had experience obtaining marketing approval for and commercializing a product candidate.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including violating applicable regulatory standards and requirements or engaging in insider trading, which could significantly harm our business.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA and applicable non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and applicable non-U.S. regulators, comply with
30
healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of, including trading on, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may be ineffective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.
In order to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we may need to hire qualified accounting and financial personnel with appropriate public company experience.
As a newly public company, we will need to establish and maintain effective disclosure and financial controls and make changes in our corporate governance practices. We may need to hire additional accounting and financial personnel with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge, and it may be difficult to recruit and maintain such personnel. Even if we are able to hire appropriate personnel, our existing operating expenses and operations will be impacted by the direct costs of their employment and the indirect consequences related to the diversion of management resources from product development efforts.
Risks Related to our Financial Position and Capital Requirements
We have not generated any revenue from ETC-1002 and may never be profitable.
Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have not generated any revenue from our lead product candidate, ETC-1002, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue. We do not expect to generate significant revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval of, and begin to sell, ETC-1002. Our ability to generate revenue depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:
Absent our entering into a collaboration or partnership agreement, we expect to incur significant sales and marketing costs as we prepare to commercialize ETC-1002. Even if we initiate and successfully complete our Phase 3 clinical program of ETC-1002, which includes two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials and one long-term safety study, which each meet their clinical endpoints and ETC-1002 is approved for commercial sale, and despite expending these costs, ETC-1002 may not be a commercially successful drug. We may not achieve profitability soon after generating product sales, if ever. If we are
31
unable to generate product revenue, we will not become profitable and may be unable to continue operations without continued funding.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights.
We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, your ownership interest in our company will be diluted. In addition, the terms of any such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that materially adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing, if available, would increase our fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaboration, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to ETC-1002, our intellectual property, future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.
If you purchase our common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your shares.
You will suffer immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the common stock you purchase in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, purchasers of common stock in this offering will experience immediate dilution of approximately $ per share in net tangible book value of the common stock. In addition, investors purchasing common stock in this offering will contribute approximately % of the total amount invested by stockholders since inception but will only own approximately % of the shares of common stock outstanding. In the past, we issued options to acquire common stock at prices significantly below the initial public offering price. To the extent these outstanding options are ultimately exercised, investors purchasing common stock in this offering will sustain further dilution. See "Dilution" for a more detailed description of the dilution to new investors in the offering.
Our recurring operating losses have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
We have a limited operating history and have not commercialized any products or generated any revenue since our inception. We have incurred operating losses in each year since our inception. Our recurring operating losses raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, our independent registered public accounting firm has issued its report on our financial statements and has expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We have no current source of revenue to sustain our present activities, and we do not expect to generate revenue until and unless the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities approve ETC-1002 and we successfully commercialize ETC-1002. Accordingly, our ability to continue as a going concern will require us to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. Uncertainty surrounding our ability to continue as a going concern may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations and could result in the loss of confidence by investors, suppliers and employees.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to limitation.
Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, changes in our ownership may limit the amount of our net operating loss carryforwards that could be utilized
32
annually to offset our future taxable income, if any. This limitation would generally apply in the event of a cumulative change in ownership of our company of more than 50% within a three-year period. Any such limitation may significantly reduce our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards before they expire. The closing of this offering, together with private placements and other transactions that have occurred since our inception, may trigger such an ownership change pursuant to Section 382. Any such limitation, whether as the result of this offering, prior private placements, sales of our common stock by our existing stockholders or additional sales of our common stock by us after this offering, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in future years. We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception, due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such study.
We have operated as a private company and have no experience attempting to comply with public company reporting and other obligations. Taking steps to comply with these requirements will increase our costs and require additional management resources, and does not ensure that we will be able to satisfy them.
As a newly public company, we will be required to comply with applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as other rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC and the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, or NASDAQ, which will result in significant initial and continuing legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses. The listing requirements of The NASDAQ Global Market require that we satisfy certain corporate governance requirements relating to director independence, distributing annual and interim reports, stockholder meetings, approvals and voting, soliciting proxies, conflicts of interest and a code of conduct. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to ensure that we comply with all of these requirements.
After this offering, we will be subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, and the related rules of the SEC that generally require our management and independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Beginning with the second annual report that we will be required to file with the SEC, Section 404 requires an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for so long as we remain an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404. Once we are no longer an "emerging growth company" or, if before such date, we opt to no longer take advantage of the applicable exemption, we will be required to include an opinion from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Please see the Risk Factor titled "We are an 'emerging growth company,' and as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors" in this prospectus for more information regarding our status as an "emerging growth company."
To date, we have never conducted a review of our internal control for the purpose of providing the reports required by these rules. During the course of our review and testing, we may identify deficiencies and be unable to remediate them before we must provide the required reports. Furthermore, if we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, which could harm our operating results, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and cause the trading price of our stock to fall. In addition, as a public company we will be required to timely file accurate quarterly and annual reports with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, as
33
amended. In order to report our results of operations and financial statements on an accurate and timely basis, we will depend on CROs to provide timely and accurate notice of their costs to us. Any failure to report our financial results on an accurate and timely basis could result in sanctions, lawsuits, delisting of our shares from The NASDAQ Global Market or other adverse consequences that would materially harm our business.
Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Investment in our Common Stock
Market volatility may affect our stock price and the value of your investment.
Following this offering, the market price for our common stock is likely to be volatile, in part because our common stock has not been previously traded publicly. In addition, the market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot control, including, among others:
An active public market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained after this offering. We will negotiate and determine the initial public offering price with representatives of the underwriters and this price may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market. As a result, you may not be able to sell your shares of common stock at or above the initial offering price.
After the completion of this offering, we may be at an increased risk of securities class action litigation.
Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology
34
and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we were to be sued, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management's attention and resources, which could harm our business.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports or publish misleading, inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts cover our company, the trading price and volume of our stock would likely be negatively impacted. If we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, or provides more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
We are an "emerging growth company," and as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.
We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an "emerging growth company." We will remain an "emerging growth company" until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.
You may not approve of the ways we use the net proceeds from this offering.
We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund our future clinical trials of ETC-1002 and general corporate purposes. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from our current intended use. As such, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not necessarily improve our operating results or enhance the value of our common stock.
35
Our executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates will continue to exercise significant control over our company after this offering, which will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could delay or prevent a change in corporate control.
Immediately following the completion of this offering, and disregarding any shares of common stock that they purchase in this offering, the existing holdings of our executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates, including Dr. Newton, investment funds affiliated with Aisling Capital, or Aisling, investment funds affiliated with Alta Partners, or Alta, investment funds affiliated with Domain Partners, or Domain, and investment funds affiliated with Longitude Capital, or Longitude, will represent beneficial ownership, in the aggregate, of approximately % of our outstanding common stock, assuming no exercise of the underwriters' option to acquire additional common stock in this offering and assuming we issue the number of shares of common stock as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, will be able to influence our management and affairs and control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any sale, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. These stockholders acquired their shares of common stock for substantially less than the price of the shares of common stock being acquired in this offering, and these stockholders may have interests, with respect to their common stock, that are different from those of investors in this offering and the concentration of voting power among these stockholders may have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. In addition, this concentration of ownership might adversely affect the market price of our common stock by:
Please see "Principal Stockholders" in this prospectus for more information regarding the ownership of our outstanding common stock by our executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates.
Participation in this offering by certain of our existing stockholders would reduce the available public float for our common stock.
Certain of our existing principal stockholders have indicated an interest in purchasing an aggregate of up to approximately $ million in shares of common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, these stockholders may elect not to purchase any shares in this offering. Based on the initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the price range included on the cover of this prospectus, if such stockholders were to purchase all of these shares of common stock, they would purchase an aggregate of shares of our common stock in this offering. If such stockholders were to purchase all of these shares of common stock, they would beneficially own approximately % of our outstanding common stock after this offering, and our current directors and executive officers as a group would beneficially own approximately % of our outstanding common stock after this offering.
If our stockholders are allocated all or a portion of the shares of our common stock in which they have indicated an interest in this offering and purchase any such shares, such purchase would reduce the available public float for our shares because such stockholders would be restricted from selling the shares by restrictions under applicable securities laws. As a result, any purchase of common stock by such stockholders in this offering may reduce the liquidity of our common stock relative to what it
36
would have been had these shares of common stock been purchased by investors that were not affiliated with us.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, even one that may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us or a change in our management. These provisions include a classified board of directors, a prohibition on actions by written consent of our stockholders and the ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively provide for an opportunity to obtain greater value for stockholders by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer rejected by our board were considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.
We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock and do not currently intend to do so in the foreseeable future. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased them.
Future sales of our common stock may cause our stock price to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity securities.
Upon completion of this offering, there will be shares of our common stock outstanding. Of these, shares are being sold in this offering (or shares, if the underwriters exercise their option in full) and will be freely tradable immediately after this offering (except for shares purchased by affiliates) and the remaining shares may be sold upon expiration of lock-up agreements six months after the date of this offering (subject in some cases to volume limitations). In addition, after issuing stock options to our non-employee directors upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, in accordance with our non-employee director compensation policy, we will have outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock and shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock, based upon the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. If these options or warrants are exercised, additional shares will become available for sale upon expiration of the lock-up agreements. A large portion of these shares, options and warrants are held by a small number of persons and investment funds. Moreover, after this offering, Aisling, Alta, Domain, Longitude, Pfizer, Dr. Newton and certain of our executive officers will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering the shares of our common stock
37
they currently hold, or to include these shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. Please see "Description of Capital StockRegistration Rights" in this prospectus for more information regarding these registration rights.
We also intend to register all the shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity incentive plans. Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, an aggregate of shares of our common stock will be reserved for future issuance under these plans. Once we register these shares, which we plan to do shortly after the completion of this offering, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to the lock-up agreements referred to above. If a large number of these shares are sold in the public market, the sales could reduce the trading price of our common stock. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale" for a more detailed description of sales that may occur in the future.
38
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, including the sections entitled "Prospectus Summary," "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Business," contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management's belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events, including our clinical development plans, or our future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, including in relation to the clinical development of ETC-1002, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements, including in relation to the clinical development of ETC-1002, expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:
In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "intends," "plans," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar terminology. These statements are only
39
predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and that could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should therefore not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this prospectus.
40
We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of shares of common stock in this offering will be approximately $ million based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters' over-allotment option to purchase additional shares in this offering is exercised in full, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $ million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
The principal purposes of this offering are to obtain additional capital to support our operations, to create a public market for our common stock and to facilitate our future access to the public equity markets. We currently intend to use substantially all of the net proceeds from this offering to fund the clinical development of ETC-1002 through the completion of our currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trials and end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA. We expect to announce top-line results from our latest currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trial in the fourth quarter of 2014 and to have our end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA in the first quarter of 2015. Based upon our currently anticipated Phase 2 clinical trials, we believe we will have sufficient resources to initiate our intended Phase 3 clinical program of ETC-1002 in a statin intolerant population, although we will need to raise additional capital to complete it. We will use the remaining net proceeds for the further advancement of our early-stage development programs and for general corporate purposes, such as general and administrative expenses, working capital, and prosecution and maintenance of our intellectual property rights.
As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds from this offering. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly from our expectations depending upon numerous factors, including the progress of our research and development efforts, the progress of our clinical trials, our operating costs and capital expenditures and the other factors described under "Risk Factors" in this prospectus. Accordingly, we will retain the discretion to allocate the net proceeds of this offering among the identified uses described above, and we reserve the right to change the allocation of the net proceeds among the uses described above.
Pending these uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in high quality, investment grade instruments, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government, or hold them as cash.
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings, if any, to fund the development and expansion of our business and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors.
41
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of March 31, 2013:
You should read the following table together with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Description of Capital Stock" and the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.
|
As of March 31, 2013 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Actual | Pro Forma | Pro Forma As Adjusted |
|||||||
|
(in thousands, except per share data) |
|||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 3,886 | $ | $ | ||||||
Long-term debt |
$ | 7,529 | ||||||||
Series A preferred stock |
$ | 40,598 | $ | $ | ||||||
Common stock |
2 | |||||||||
Additional paid-in capital |
663 | |||||||||
Accumulated deficit |
(46,214 | ) | ||||||||
Total capitalization |
$ | (4,951 | ) | $ | $ | |||||
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the estimated price range shown on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders' equity (deficit) and total capitalization, on a pro forma as adjusted basis, by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and
42
commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents, total stockholders' equity (deficit) and total capitalization, on a pro forma as adjusted basis, by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.
The actual, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information set forth in the table excludes (i) 4,266,933 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2013 with a weighted-average exercise price of $0.27 per share, (ii) 1,940,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2013 at an exercise price of $1.00 per share, which warrants are exercisable to purchase shares of Series A preferred stock prior to the closing of this offering, (iii) shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans as of the closing of this offering and (iv) shares of our common stock issuable to Pfizer at the market price thereof at the time of conversion of the Pfizer convertible note, which is presented in the table as long-term debt and which had an outstanding balance, including accrued interest, of $7.7 million as of March 31, 2013.
43
If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.
The net tangible book value of our common stock as of March 31, 2013 was a deficit of $ million, or $ per share. Net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets less our total tangible liabilities, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding on March 31, 2013. The pro forma net tangible book value of our common stock as of March 31, 2013 was a deficit of $ million, or a deficit of approximately $ per share. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, as of March 31, 2013, after giving effect to (i) the conversion of our shares of Series A preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2013 into an aggregate of 40,598,092 shares of common stock upon the completion of this offering, (ii) the receipt of $17.0 million of gross proceeds from the issuance of shares of Series A preferred stock on April 19, 2013 and (iii) the conversion of our shares of Series A preferred stock issued on April 19, 2013 into an aggregate of 17,000,000 shares of common stock upon completion of this offering.
Net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of common stock in this offering and the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after the completion of this offering. After giving effect to the sale of shares of our common stock in this offering, assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2013 would have been $ , or $ per share. This amount represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $ per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $ per share to new investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering. We determine dilution by subtracting the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after the offering from the amount of cash that a new investor paid for a share of common stock.
The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:
Assumed initial public offering price per share |
$ | ||||||
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2013 |
$ | ||||||
Increase per share attributable to new investors |
$ | ||||||
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share at March 31, 2013 after giving effect to the offering |
$ | ||||||
Dilution per share to new investors |
$ | ||||||
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value, by $ per share and the dilution to new investors by $ per share, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by $ per share and the dilution to new investors by $ per share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value would be $ per share, and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to investors in this offering would be $ per share.
44
The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis, as of March 31, 2013, the difference between the number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid to us and the average price per share paid by existing stockholders and by new investors at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.
|
Shares purchased | Total consideration | |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Avg price / share |
|||||||||||||||
|
Number | Percent | Amount | Percent | ||||||||||||
Existing stockholders |
% | $ | % | $ | ||||||||||||
New investors |
||||||||||||||||
Total |
100.0 | % | $ | 100.0 | % | $ | ||||||||||
The above discussion and tables are based on (i) 43,018,637 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2013, including the conversion of all outstanding shares of preferred stock into an aggregate of 40,598,092 shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (ii) 17,000,000 shares of common stock into which the shares of Series A preferred stock issued on April 19, 2013 will be converted immediately prior to the completion of this offering, and excludes:
Certain of our existing principal stockholders and their affiliated entities have indicated an interest in purchasing an aggregate of up to approximately $ million in shares of common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, these stockholders may elect not to purchase any shares in this offering. The foregoing discussion and tables do not reflect any potential purchases by these existing stockholders or their affiliated entities.
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the total consideration paid by new investors by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase (decrease) the total consideration paid by new investors by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us.
To the extent that outstanding options are exercised, you will experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital in the future due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities may result in further dilution to our stockholders.
45
You should read the following selected historical consolidated financial data below together with "Capitalization," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the financial statements, related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected financial data in this section are not intended to replace the financial statements and are qualified in their entirety by the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
We derived the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We derived the statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 and the balance sheet data as of March 31, 2013 and 2012 from our unaudited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.
|
Years Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended March 31, |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Period From January 22, 2008 (Inception) through March 31, 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
|
2012 | 2011 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||
|
(in thousands, except share and per share data) |
|||||||||||||||
Statement of Operations Data: |
||||||||||||||||
Grant income |
$ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | 244 | ||||||
Operating expenses: |
||||||||||||||||
Research and development |
7,998 | 7,807 | 2,093 | 1,557 | 29,506 | |||||||||||
General and administrative |
2,206 | 2,357 | 1,251 | 633 | 12,701 | |||||||||||
Acquired in-process research and development |
| | | | 86 | |||||||||||
Total operating expenses |
10,204 | 10,164 | 3,344 | 2,190 | 42,293 | |||||||||||
Loss from operations |
(10,204 | ) | (10,164 | ) | (3,344 | ) | (2,190 | ) | (42,049 | ) | ||||||
Total other income (expense) |
(1,538 | ) | (653 | ) | (895 | ) | (259 | ) | (4,165 | ) | ||||||
Net loss |
$ | (11,742 | ) | $ | (10,817 | ) | $ | (4,239 | ) | $ | (2,449 | ) | $ | (46,214 | ) | |
Per share information: |
||||||||||||||||
Net loss per share, basic and diluted |
$ | (5.20 | ) | $ | (1.75 | ) | ||||||||||
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted |
2,259,480 | 2,420,545 | ||||||||||||||
Pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted (unaudited)(1) |
$ | (0.45 | ) | $ | (0.12 | ) | ||||||||||
Pro forma weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited)(1) |
26,234,480 | (2) | 35,261,194 | (3) | ||||||||||||
46
at the time of conversion, (ii) the conversion of the 2012 convertible promissory notes into 16,623,092 shares of Series A preferred stock in February 2013, (iii) the issuance of 17,000,000 shares of Series A preferred stock on April 19, 2013 and (iv) the exercise of warrants to purchase 1,940,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock.
The table below presents a summary of our balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012 and 2011:
|
As of December 31, | As of March 31, | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2012 | 2011 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Balance Sheet Data: |
|||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 6,512 | $ | 1,571 | $ | 3,886 | $ | 4,879 | |||||
Working capital (deficit) |
(10,035 | ) | 525 | 2,436 | (1,879 | ) | |||||||
Total assets |
7,312 | 2,180 | 5,265 | 5,461 | |||||||||
Total convertible short-term debt |
15,241 | | | 6,000 | |||||||||
Total convertible long-term debt |
7,529 | 6,897 | 7,529 | 6,897 | |||||||||
Convertible preferred stock warrant liability |
265 | | 307 | | |||||||||
Convertible preferred stock |
23,975 | 23,975 | 40,598 | 23,975 | |||||||||
Deficit accumulated during the development stage |
(41,975 | ) | (30,233 | ) | (46,214 | ) | (32,682 | ) | |||||
Total stockholders' deficit |
(41,365 | ) | (30,032 | ) | (45,549 | ) | (32,464 | ) |
47
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the related notes and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the "Risk Factors" section of this prospectus, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Overview
Corporate Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of therapies for the treatment of patients with elevated levels of LDL-C and other cardiometabolic risk factors. ETC-1002, our lead product candidate, is a novel, first in class, orally available, once-daily LDL-C lowering small molecule therapy designed to target known lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways to lower levels of LDL-C and to avoid many of the side effects associated with existing LDL-C lowering therapies. We own the exclusive worldwide rights to ETC-1002 and our other product candidates.
We were incorporated in Delaware in January 2008 and commenced our operations in April 2008. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing ETC-1002 and our other product candidates, business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible promissory notes and warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock. From inception through April 30, 2013, we raised $56.7 million from such transactions.
We are a development stage company and do not have any products approved for sale. To date, we have not generated any revenue. We have never been profitable and, from inception to December 31, 2012, our losses from operations have been $38.7 million. Our net losses were approximately $11.7 million and $10.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and $4.2 million and $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Substantially all of our net losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, including, among others:
Accordingly, we will need additional financing to support our continuing operations. We will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or through other sources, which may include collaborations with third parties. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy or continue operations. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.
48
Product Overview
ETC-1002, our lead product candidate, is a novel, first in class, orally available, once-daily LDL-C lowering small molecule therapy designed to target known lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways to lower levels of LDL-C and to avoid many of the side effects associated with existing LDL-C lowering therapies. We acquired the rights to ETC-1002 from Pfizer in 2008. We own the exclusive worldwide rights to ETC-1002 and we are not obligated to make any royalty or milestone payments to Pfizer. In 2011, we incurred $4.6 million in expenses related to our Phase 1b Multiple Dose Tolerance trial (ETC-1002-004), our Phase 2a Lipid Proof-of-Concept clinical trial (ETC-1002-003) and our Phase 2a Glucose Proof-of-Concept clinical trial (ETC-1002-005). In 2012, we incurred $5.8 million in expenses related to our Phase 2a Glucose Proof-of-Concept clinical trial and our Phase 2a clinical trials (ETC-1002-006 and ETC-1002-007). We also have two other early-stage programs in pre-clinical development. We licensed one of these candidates from The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, or CCF, and are obligated to make certain royalty and milestone payments (consisting of cash and common stock) to CCF, including a minimum annual cash payment of $50,000 during years when a milestone payment is not met. No milestone or royalty payments will be due to any third-party in connection with the development and commercialization of our other pre-clinical product candidate.
Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
To date, we have not generated any revenue, other than grant income. In the future, we may generate revenue from the sale of ETC-1002 or our other product candidates. If we fail to complete the development of ETC-1002 or our other product candidates, our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position will be adversely affected.
Research and Development Expenses
Since our inception, we have focused our resources on our research and development activities, including conducting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development of ETC-1002, which include:
We expense research and development costs as incurred. To date, substantially all of our research and development work has been related to ETC-1002. Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our vendors. Our direct research and development expenses consist principally of external costs, such as fees paid to investigators, consultants, central laboratories and clinical research organizations, or CROs, in connection with our clinical trials. We do not allocate acquiring and manufacturing clinical trial materials, salaries, stock-based compensation, employee benefits or other indirect costs related to our
49
research and development function to specific programs. These indirect expenses are included in "Other" in the table below.
|
Years Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended March 31, |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Period From January 22, 2008 (Inception) through March 31, 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
|
2012 | 2011 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||||||||
Direct research and development expenses by program: |
||||||||||||||||
ETC-1002 |
$ | 5,778 | $ | 4,545 | $ | 1,671 | $ | 879 | $ | 19,734 | ||||||
ESP41091 |
2 | 181 | | | 183 | |||||||||||
4WF |
16 | 913 | | 10 | 1,741 | |||||||||||
Other |
2,202 | 2,168 | 422 | 668 | 7,848 | |||||||||||
Total research and development |
$ | 7,998 | $ | 7,807 | $ | 2,093 | $ | 1,557 | $ | 29,506 | ||||||
Our research and development expenses are expected to increase in the foreseeable future. Our costs associated with ETC-1002 will increase as we conduct our Phase 2b clinical trials and initiate our Phase 3 clinical trials. We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs associated with the ongoing or future clinical trials of ETC-1002. Also, we cannot conclude with certainty if, or when, we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of ETC-1002 or our other product candidates that obtain regulatory approval, if ever. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, including ETC-1002. The duration, costs and timing associated with the development and commercialization of ETC-1002 and our other product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including uncertainties associated with the results of our clinical trials and our ability to obtain regulatory approval. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development or post-commercialization clinical trials of ETC-1002, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development or post-commercialization clinical trials of ETC-1002.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation and travel expenses, associated with our executive, accounting and finance, operational and other administrative functions. Other general and administrative expenses include facility related costs, communication expenses and professional fees for legal, patent prosecution, protection and review, consulting and accounting services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future in connection with the continued research and development and commercialization of ETC-1002, increases in our headcount related to our research and development and commercialization activities and the expansion of our information technology infrastructure. Additionally, we anticipate increased expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with Securities and Exchange Commission requirements, NASDAQ listing requirements, stock registration and printing fees, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations costs associated with being a public company.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists primarily of non-cash interest costs associated with our convertible promissory notes. On April 28, 2008, we issued an 8.931% convertible promissory note to Pfizer. Interest accruing under this note is capitalized on June 30th and December 31st of each year until maturity on April 28, 2018. The aggregate amount of principal and interest outstanding was approximately $7.5 million and $7.7 million as of December 31, 2012 and March 31, 2013, respectively.
50
On January 26, 2012, September 4, 2012 and November 30, 2012, we completed convertible note financings in which we issued 10% convertible promissory notes for an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million, $4.0 million and $5.7 million, respectively, to certain of our existing shareholders. On February 12, 2013, the convertible promissory notes issued in January, September and November 2012 were converted into 16,623,092 shares of Series A preferred stock. During the first quarter of 2013, we incurred approximately $0.5 million of interest expenses related to the amortization of debt issuance cost and debt discount associated with the September 4, 2012 and November 30, 2012 convertible promissory notes.
Other Income
Other income consists of investment income earned on cash and cash equivalents and realized gains and losses on the sale of assets held for sale.
Net Operating Losses and Tax Carryforwards
As of December 31, 2012, we had approximately $40.5 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income, if any. These federal net operating loss carryforwards expire at various dates beginning in 2028 if not utilized and are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities. If we experience a greater than 50 percent aggregate change in ownership of certain significant stockholders over a three-year period, or a Section 382 ownership change, utilization of our pre-Section 382 ownership change net operating loss carryforwards will be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code which may result in expiration of, or usage limitation on, a substantial portion of the net operating loss carryforwards before utilization. For example, if we experience a Section 382 ownership change in connection with this offering or as a result of future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside our control, the tax benefits related to the net operating loss carryforwards may be limited or lost. At December 31, 2012, we recorded a 100% valuation allowance against our net operating loss carryforwards.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis, including those related to accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, contractual milestones and other various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. We believe the following accounting policies to be most critical to understanding our results and financial operations.
Accrued Clinical Development Costs
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. We base our accrued expenses related to clinical trials on estimates of patient enrollment and related expenses at clinical investigator sites as well as estimates for the services
51
received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. We generally accrue expenses related to clinical trials based on contracted amounts applied to the level of patient enrollment and activity according to the protocol. If timelines or contracts are modified based upon changes in the clinical trial protocol or scope of work to be performed, we modify our estimates of accrued expenses accordingly on a prospective basis. If we do not identify costs that we have begun to incur or if we underestimate or overestimate the level of services performed or the costs of these services, our actual expenses could differ from our estimates. We do not anticipate the future settlement of existing accruals to differ materially from our estimates.
Stock-Based Compensation & Warrant Liability
Stock-Based Compensation
We typically grant stock-based compensation to our employees on their respective date of hire and in connection with annual performance reviews. We account for all stock-based compensation payments issued to employees, consultants and directors using an option pricing model for estimating fair value. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense is measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures. Compensation expense is recognized for the portion that is ultimately expected to vest over the period during which the recipient renders the required services to us using the straight-line method. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the fair value of non-employee stock-based awards is re-measured as the awards vest, and the resulting value, if any, is recognized as expense during the period the related services are rendered.
Significant Factors, Assumptions and Methodologies Used in Determining Fair Value
We estimate the fair value of our stock-based awards to employees and directors using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including (a) the per share fair value of our common stock, (b) the expected stock price volatility, (c) the calculation of the expected term of the award, (d) the risk free interest rate and (e) expected dividends. Due to our limited operating history and a lack of company specific historical and implied volatility data, we have based our estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies, which are publicly-traded. When selecting these public companies on which we have based our expected stock price volatility, we selected companies with comparable characteristics to us, including enterprise value, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of our stock-based awards. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies' shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of our stock-based awards. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available. We have estimated the expected life of our employee stock options using the "simplified" method, whereby, the expected life equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option. The risk-free interest rates for periods within the expected life of the option are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect during the period the options were granted. We have never paid, and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows:
|
Years Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2012 | 2011 | |||||
Risk-free interest rate |
0.85 | % | 2.50 | % | |||
Dividend yield |
| | |||||
Expected term (in years) |
6.25 | 6.25 | |||||
Expected volatility |
80 | % | 80 | % |
52
We are also required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant, and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from our estimates. We use historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. To the extent that actual forfeitures differ from our estimates, the difference is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period the estimates were revised.
Total compensation cost recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, which includes stock-based compensation expense, restricted stock issued to our founders, which were subject to vesting conditions and are fully vested, and the value of stock and options issued to non-employees for services are allocated as follows:
|
Years Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended March 31, |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2012 | 2011 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Research and development |
$ | 61 | $ | 57 | $ | 8 | $ | 11 | |||||
General and administrative |
19 | 21 | 47 | 5 | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 80 | $ | 78 | $ | 55 | $ | 16 | |||||
As of December 31, 2012, there was $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested employee stock option agreements, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.6 years. For stock option awards subject to graded vesting, we recognize compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period for the entire award. In future periods, our stock-based compensation expense is expected to increase as a result of recognizing our existing unrecognized stock-based compensation for awards that will vest and as we issue additional stock-based awards to attract and retain our employees.
Fair Value Estimate
We are required to estimate the fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards when performing the fair value calculations with the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards was determined on each grant date by our board of directors, with input from management. All options to purchase shares of our common stock are intended to be granted with an exercise price per share no less than the fair value per share of our common stock underlying those options on the date of grant, based on the information known to us on the date of grant. In the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, on each grant date, we develop an estimate of the fair value of our common stock in order to determine an exercise price for the option grants based in part on input from an independent third-party valuation. Our determinations of the fair value of our common stock was done using methodologies, approaches and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, or AICPA, Audit and Accounting Practice Aid Series: Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the AICPA Practice Guide. The methodologies for options granted on April 11, 2013 included a hybrid of the option pricing method to estimate our underlying equity value and the probability-weighted expected return methodology, or PWERM, that determined an estimated value under an initial public offering, or IPO, scenario. In addition, our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors, along with input from management and the independent third-party valuation, to determine the fair value of our common stock, including: external market conditions affecting the biopharmaceutical industry, trends within the biopharmaceutical industry, the prices at which we sold shares of preferred stock, the superior rights and preferences of the preferred stock relative to our common stock at the time of each grant, the results of operations, financial position, status of our research and development efforts, our stage of development and business strategy, the
53
lack of an active public market for our common and our preferred stock, and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event such as an IPO.
The per share estimated fair value of common stock in the table below represents the determination by our board of directors of the fair value of our common stock as of the date of grant, taking into consideration the various objective and subjective factors described above, including the conclusions of the then most recent contemporaneous valuations of our common stock as discussed below. We computed the per share weighted-average estimated fair value for stock option grants based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following table presents the grant dates and related exercise prices of stock options granted to our employees, directors and consultants from inception through April 11, 2013:
Grants Made During
|
Number of shares underlying options granted |
Exercise price per share |
Common stock per share estimate fair value |
Per share weighted- average fair value of options |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
740,921 | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.11 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2009 |
110,000 | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.11 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2010 |
706,674 | $ | 0.18 | $ | 0.18 | $ | 0.13 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2011 |
|||||||||||||
May 19, 2011 |
25,000 | $ | 0.22 | $ | 0.22 | $ | 0.16 | ||||||
July 13, 2011 |
10,000 | $ | 0.22 | $ | 0.22 | $ | 0.16 | ||||||
December 1, 2011 |
30,000 | $ | 0.22 | $ | 0.22 | $ | 0.16 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2012 |
|||||||||||||
July 12, 2012 |
480,000 | $ | 0.27 | $ | 0.27 | $ | 0.19 | ||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 |
|||||||||||||
January 16, 2013 |
2,676,213 | $ | 0.30 | $ | 0.30 | $ | 0.21 | ||||||
February 6, 2013 |
120,000 | $ | 0.30 | $ | 0.30 | $ | 0.21 | ||||||
April 11, 2013 |
755,000 | $ | 0.53 | $ | 0.53 | $ | 0.37 |
Our board of directors granted options at exercise prices that increased from $0.15 per share in 2008 up to $0.53 per share in April 2013.
In determining the exercise prices of the options set forth in the table above granted in 2008 through April 11, 2013, our board of directors also considered the most recent contemporaneous valuations of our common stock, which were prepared as of December 31, 2008, December 31, 2009, December 31, 2010, December 31, 2011, December 31, 2012 and March 31, 2013 and based its determination of fair value for grants in 2011 and thereafter in part on the analyses summarized below.
Stock option grants during the year ended December 31, 2011
Our board of directors granted stock options during the year ended December 31, 2011, with each having an exercise price of $0.22 per share. The exercise price was supported by an independent third-party valuation as of December 31, 2010 and included a 57.6% discount for lack of marketability. The specific facts and circumstances considered by our board of directors for the December 31, 2010 valuation included the following:
54
In addition to the objective and subjective factors discussed above, our board of directors also considered input from management and the valuation as of December 31, 2010. Management determined that no other significant events or other circumstances had occurred between December 31, 2010 and May 19, 2011, July 13, 2011 or December 1, 2011 that would indicate there was a change in the fair value of our common stock during those periods.
July 12, 2012 stock option grant
Our board of directors granted stock options on July 12, 2012, with each having an exercise price of $0.27 per share. The exercise price was supported by an independent third-party valuation as of December 31, 2011 and included a 45% discount for lack of marketability. The specific facts and circumstances considered by our board of directors for the December 31, 2011 valuation included that, in October 2011, we completed and received data from ETC-1002-003, our Phase 2a clinical trial of ETC-1002 that began in 2010, the results of which further demonstrated the safety and efficacy of ETC-1002 in 133 treated patients.
In addition to the objective and subjective factors discussed above, our board of directors also considered input from management and the valuation as of December 31, 2011. Management determined that no significant events or other circumstances had occurred between December 31, 2011 and July 12, 2012 that would indicate there was a change in the fair value of our common stock during that period.
January 16, 2013 and February 6, 2013 stock option grants
Our board of directors granted stock options on January 16, 2013 and February 6, 2013, with each having an exercise price of $0.30 per share. The exercise price was supported by an independent third-party valuation as of December 31, 2012 and included a 40% discount for lack of marketability. The specific facts and circumstances considered by our board of directors for the December 31, 2012 valuation included the following:
In addition to the objective and subjective factors discussed above, our board of directors also considered input from management and the valuation as of December 31, 2012. Management determined that no significant events or other circumstances had occurred between December 31, 2012 and January 16, 2013 or February 6, 2013 that would indicate there was a change in the fair value of our common stock during those periods.
April 11, 2013 stock option grants
Our board of directors granted stock options on April 11, 2013, with each having an exercise price of $0.53 per share. The exercise price was supported by an independent third-party valuation as of April 9, 2013. This independent third-party valuation reflected our February 12, 2013 issuance of 16,623,092 shares of our Series A preferred stock at $1.00 per share upon the conversion of all of the convertible promissory notes that we issued in 2012. This independent third-party valuation also reflected our anticipated entering into of a stock purchase agreement pursuant to which, on April 11,
55
2013, we agreed to sell 17,000,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock at a price of $1.00 per share, which we consummated on April 19, 2013.
During March 2013, we decided to pursue an IPO and made significant progress in preparing for the filing. This included engaging the underwriters for this offering, engaging outside counsel, holding an organizational meeting, and preparing drafts of the prospectus and registration statement for this filing. As a result, the April 9, 2013 independent third-party valuation utilized a hybrid of the option-pricing method, "OPM backsolve", and the PWERM as outlined in the AICPA practice aid. Under this method, the per share values calculated under the option-pricing method and PWERM are weighted appropriately to arrive at a final fair market value per share value of the common stock before the discount for lack of marketability is applied. The probability-weighted equity value of the common stock is based on potential future liquidity events, with an allocation of probabilities applied to each scenario, and discounted to present value. Future liquidity event scenarios included remaining private and early and late initial public offering (late including high and low pre-money enterprise values). Our board of directors and management determined the timing of the future liquidity event scenarios. The probability weightings used in the PWERM analysis took into consideration, actual and forecasted data from completed and yet to be completed clinical trials of ETC-1002 and general market conditions. In each of the scenarios we assumed high and low probability to determine value.
The table below summarizes the significant assumptions utilized for each of the event scenarios used in valuing the common stock and based upon which the fair value was determined to be $0.53 per share:
|
|
PWERM Scenarios | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Option Pricing Method |
Early IPO | Late IPO (High) |
Late IPO (Low) |
|||||||||
Probability weighting |
50% | 17.5 | % | 5 | % | 27.5 | % | ||||||
Volatility |
56% | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||
Risk-free interest rate |
0.19% | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||
Discount for lack of marketability |
25% | 25 | % | 25 | % | 25 | % |
The probability weighting assigned to the early and late IPO scenarios were based on the possibility we would seek to raise capital in the public markets following the announcement of top-line results from ETC-1002-006 and prior to completing ETC-1002-007. The probability weightings assigned to the respective liquidity scenarios were primarily based on consideration of the stage of our clinical development, industry clinical success rates, expected near term and long-term funding requirements, and the overall success rate of current financing in the public markets.
In addition to the factors discussed above, our board of directors also considered input from management and the valuation as of April 9, 2013. Because the April 9, 2013 valuation included assumptions for the $17.0 million sale of preferred stock, management determined that no significant events or circumstances had occurred between April 9, 2013 and April 11, 2013 that would indicate there was a change in the fair value of our common stock during that period.
The primary factors contributing to the difference between the estimated initial public offering price range of $ to $ and the fair value of our common stock of $0.53 per share as of April 11, 2013 include:
56
as the rights of each share class. The fair value of our common stock was estimated using a probability weighted analysis of the present value of the returns afforded to our shareholders under each of the three possible future scenarios.
Based on the factors described above, and most notably the assumed completion of ETC-1002-006, the probability of being able to proceed with an initial public offering increased significantly following April 11, 2013, which reduced the difference between the fair value of our common stock and the estimated initial public offering price range. While we have formally initiated the public offering process as of this date, there is no assurance that we will actually proceed with the initial public offering.
Preferred Stock Warrant Liability
Our outstanding warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock have provisions by which the underlying issuance is contingently redeemable based on events outside of our control and as such are recorded as a liability in accordance with ASC 480-10. Warrants classified as derivative liabilities are recorded on our balance sheet at fair value on the date of issuance and are marked-to-market on each subsequent reporting period. Non-cash changes in the fair value at each reporting period are recognized in the statement of operations. The warrants are measured using the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model and are based, in part, upon inputs where there is little or no market data, requiring us to develop our own independent assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, expected life and risk-free interest rate. The assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair market value at each reporting period represent our best estimate. We expect that the value of the warrants will fluctuate significantly from period to period.
Emerging Growth Company Status
Under Section 107(b) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, an "emerging growth company" can delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards would apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards at the same time as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. There are other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act that we are currently evaluating. For example, as an emerging growth company, we are exempt from Sections 14A(a) and (b) of the Exchange Act which would otherwise require us to (i) submit certain executive compensation matters to stockholder advisory votes, such as "say-on-pay," "say-on-frequency" and "golden parachutes" and (ii) disclose certain executive compensation related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of our Chief Executive Officer's
57
compensation to our median employee compensation. We also intend to rely on certain other exemptions, which include but are not limited to, providing an auditor's attestation report on our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and complying with any requirement that may be adopted by the PCAOB regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, known as the auditor discussion and analysis.
We will continue to remain an "emerging growth company" until the earliest of the following: the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of this offering; the last day of the fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenues are equal to or more than $1 billion; the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Results of Operations
Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012:
|
Three Months Ended March 31, | |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | Change | |||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Operating Expenses: |
||||||||||
Research and development |
$ | 2,093 | $ | 1,557 | $ | 536 | ||||
General and administrative |
1,251 | 633 | 618 | |||||||
Loss from operations |
(3,344 | ) | (2,190 | ) | (1,154 | ) | ||||
Other income (expense): |
||||||||||
Interest expense |
(828 | ) | (260 | ) | (568 | ) | ||||
Change in fair value of warrant liability |
(42 | ) | | (42 | ) | |||||
Other income (expense), net |
(25 | ) | 1 | (26 | ) | |||||
Net loss |
$ | (4,239 | ) | $ | (2,449 | ) | $ | (1,790 | ) | |
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were $2.1 million, compared to $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012, an increase of $0.5 million. The increase in research and development expenses primarily related to the further clinical development of ETC-1002, including the initiation of two Phase 2a clinical trials.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were $1.3 million, compared to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012, an increase of $0.7 million. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in professional services provided to us and changes in our headcount.
Interest expense
Non-cash interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $0.8 million, compared to $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012, a $0.5 million increase. The increase in interest expense was primarily related to our issuance of convertible promissory notes in January,
58
September and November 2012, which had a 10% interest rate before being converted into 16,623,092 shares of Series A preferred stock in February 2013, the amortization of debt issuance cost and debt discount associated with the September and November 2012 convertible promissory notes as well as the accrued interest on the 8.931% convertible promissory note issued to Pfizer, which had an outstanding balance of $7,694,643 as of March 31, 2013.
Change in fair value of warrant liability
The outstanding warrants to purchase 1,940,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock require liability classification and mark-to-market accounting at each reporting period in accordance with ASC 480-10. The fair values of the warrants were determined using the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model and resulted in the recognition of a loss of approximately $42,000 related to the change in fair values for the three months ended March 31, 2013.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was an expense of approximately $25,000 compared to income of approximately $1,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2012, a $26,000 increase. This increase was primarily related to an impairment on our assets held for sale to adjust the carrying value to fair value.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011:
|
Years Ended December 31, | |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2012 | 2011 | Change | |||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Operating Expenses: |
||||||||||
Research and development |
$ | 7,998 | $ | 7,807 | $ | 191 | ||||
General and administrative |
2,206 | 2,357 | (151 | ) | ||||||
Loss from operations |
(10,204 | ) | (10,164 | ) | (40 | ) | ||||
Other income (expense): |
||||||||||
Interest expense |
(1,486 | ) | (577 | ) | (909 | ) | ||||
Change in fair value of warrant liability |
32 | | 32 | |||||||
Other income (expense), net |
(84 | ) | (76 | ) | (8 | ) | ||||
Net loss |
$ | (11,742 | ) | $ | (10,817 | ) | $ | (925 | ) | |
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2012 were $8.0 million, compared to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $0.2 million primarily related to the further clinical development of ETC-1002, including the initiation of two Phase 2a clinical trials, which includes the initiation and completion of our Phase 2a Glucose Proof-of-Concept clinical trial and the initiation of our Phase 2a Lipid Proof-of-Concept clinical trial.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2012 were $2.2 million, compared to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, a decrease of $0.2 million. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to a decrease in professional consulting services provided to us.
59
Interest expense
Non-cash interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $1.5 million, compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, a $0.9 million increase in interest expense. This increase in interest expense was primarily related to our issuance of convertible promissory notes in January, September and November 2012, which each bear interest at a rate of 10%, as well as the accrued interest on the 8.931% convertible promissory note issued to Pfizer, which had an outstanding balance of $7,528,845 as of December 31, 2012.
Subsequently, on February 12, 2013, the convertible promissory notes issued in January, September and November 2012 were converted into an aggregate of 16,623,092 shares of Series A preferred stock.
Change in fair value of warrant liability
The outstanding warrants to purchase 1,940,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock require liability classification and mark-to-market accounting at each reporting period in accordance with ASC 480-10. The fair values of the warrants were determined using the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model and resulted in the recognition of a gain of $32,000 related to the change in fair values for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2012 was an expense of approximately $84,000 compared to an expense of approximately $76,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011, an $8,000 decrease. This decrease was primarily related to a reduction in interest income earned on our money market funds.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have funded our operations since inception through private placements of preferred stock, convertible promissory notes and warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock. To date, we have not generated any revenue, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. As of March 31, 2013, our primary sources of liquidity were our cash and cash equivalents, which totaled $3.9 million. On April 19, 2013, we issued an aggregate of 17,000,000 shares of Series A preferred stock to funds affiliated with Longitude Capital and certain existing investors, for gross proceeds of $17.0 million. We invest our cash equivalents and short-term investments in highly liquid, interest-bearing investment-grade and government securities to preserve principal.
In its report accompanying our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2012 included elsewhere in this prospectus, our independent registered public accounting firm included a "going concern" explanatory paragraph. A "going concern" opinion means, in general, that our independent registered public accounting firm has substantial doubt about our ability to continue our operations without an additional infusion of capital from external sources.
60
The following table summarizes the primary sources and uses of cash for the periods presented below:
|
Years Ended December 31, | Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2012 | 2011 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Cash (used in) operating activities |
$ | (10,809 | ) | $ | (9,069 | ) | $ | (2,627 | ) | $ | (2,686 | ) | |
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
(2 | ) | 509 | 1 | (6 | ) | |||||||
Cash provided by financing activities |
15,751 | 6,716 | | 6,000 | |||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 4,940 | $ | (1,844 | ) | $ | (2,626 | ) | $ | 3,308 | |||
Operating Activities
We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs in the areas of research and development, regulatory and other clinical trial costs, associated with our development of ETC-1002. Net cash used in operating activities totaled $10.8 million and $9.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and $2.6 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The primary use of our cash was to fund the development of ETC-1002, adjusted for non-cash expenses, such as depreciation and amortization, interest expense, mark-to-market of our warrant liability and changes in working capital.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities of $1,700 in the year ended December 31, 2012 consisted primarily of property and equipment purchases, partially off-set by our sale of certain assets. Net cash provided by investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2011 consisted primarily of $0.5 million in proceeds received from maturities of short-term investments to fund our operations.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2012 consisted primarily of $15.7 million in proceeds received in January, September and November 2012 from the sale and issuance of convertible promissory notes and, in connection with the September and November 2012 issuances, warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock. Net cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2011 consisted primarily of $6.7 million in proceeds received from the sale and issuance of 6,700,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock.
On April 19, 2013, we issued and sold an aggregate of 17,000,000 shares of our Series A preferred stock at a price of $1.00 per share for gross proceeds of $17.0 million to Dr. Newton and affiliated funds of Longitude Capital, Alta Partners, Aisling Capital, Domain Partners, Asset Management and Arboretum Ventures. Each share of Series A preferred stock issued in this financing is initially convertible into one share of our common stock. Upon the closing of the financing, Patrick Enright of Longitude Capital became a member of our board of directors.
Plan of Operations and Funding Requirements
ETC-1002 is currently in Phase 2 clinical development, and we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures requirements through our currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trials of ETC-1002 and end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA, and that we will likely
61
need to raise additional capital to thereafter continue to fund the further development of ETC-1002 and our operations. We expect to announce top-line results from our latest currently anticipated Phase 2b clinical trial in the fourth quarter of 2014 and to have our end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA in the first quarter of 2015. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of ETC-1002, and the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with pharmaceutical partners regarding the development and commercialization of ETC-1002, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the development and commercialization of ETC-1002. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with pharmaceutical partners, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or ETC-1002 or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market ETC-1002 that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
62
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
We lease office and laboratory space in Plymouth, MI under an operating lease agreement expiring on October 2, 2013. We have options to renew this lease for two additional five year terms. The future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2013 are presented in the table below:
|
Total | Less than 1 Year |
1-3 Years | 3-5 Years | More than 5 Years |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||||||||
Operating leases |
$ | 144 | $ | 144 | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||
Total |
$ | 144 | $ | 144 | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||
We are also party to a license agreement pursuant to which we are obligated to make future minimum annual payments of $50,000 in years during which milestone payments are not triggered under the agreement. In addition, we are also contractually obligated to issue up to an aggregate of 80,000 shares of common stock upon various milestones set forth in the agreement.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not currently have, nor did we have during the periods presented, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by Securities and Exchange Commission rules.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In July 2012, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2012-02, Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment. The guidance allows companies, at their option, to perform a qualitative assessment of indefinite-lived assets to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the asset exceeds its carrying value. If analysis of the qualitative factors results in the fair value of the indefinite-lived asset exceeding the carrying value, then performing the quantitative assessment is not required. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2012. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.
In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-05 which is an amendment to the accounting guidance for presentation of comprehensive income. Under the amended guidance, a company has the option to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. In either case, a company is required to present each component of net income along with total net income, each component of other comprehensive income along with a total for other comprehensive income and a total amount for comprehensive income. The amendment is effective for fiscal years ending, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2012. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-04 which is an amendment to the accounting guidance on fair value measurements. This accounting standard update clarifies the application of existing fair value measurement guidance and expands the disclosure of fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs. The amendments were effective on a prospective basis for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
63
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $6.5 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively and approximately $3.9 million at March 31, 2013. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Our primary exposure to market risk relates to fluctuations in interest rates which are affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. Given the short-term nature of our cash equivalents, we believe that a sudden change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our financial condition and/or results of operation. The convertible promissory note issued to Pfizer carries, and our previously outstanding other convertible promissory notes carried, a fixed interest rate and, as such, we are not subject to interest rate risk on outstanding indebtedness or otherwise. We do not have any foreign currency or other derivative financial instruments.
We do not believe that our cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments have significant risk of default or illiquidity. While we believe our cash and cash equivalents do not contain excessive risk, we cannot provide absolute assurance that in the future our investments will not be subject to adverse changes in market value. In addition, we maintain significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits.
Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 or for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.
64
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of therapies for the treatment of patients with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cardiometabolic risk factors. ETC-1002, our lead product candidate, is a novel, first in class, orally available, once-daily small molecule therapy designed to target known lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways to lower levels of LDL-C and to avoid many of the side effects associated with existing LDL-C lowering therapies. To date, we have treated 238 subjects in five completed clinical trials, including two Phase 2a clinical trials. We own the exclusive worldwide rights to ETC-1002 and our other product candidates.
Our founder, Executive Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer, Roger S. Newton, Ph.D., FAHA, co-discovered the statin marketed as Lipitor® (atorvastatin calcium), the most prescribed LDL-C lowering therapy in the world and the best-selling drug in the history of the pharmaceutical industry. We believe our management team has demonstrated expertise in understanding cholesterol biosynthesis and other related cardiometabolic pathways, the strengths and weaknesses of currently marketed therapies and the ability to recognize the potential of novel cholesterol regulating therapies.
Statins are the current standard of care for LDL-C lowering for approximately 30 million patients in the United States. However, based upon a recent academic survey, we estimate that more than 2 million U.S. adults have discontinued statin therapy because of muscle pain or weakness. We believe that ETC-1002, if approved, has the potential to become the preferred once-daily, oral therapy for patients who are unable to tolerate statin therapy. We also believe, because symptoms of muscle pain or weakness occur in up to 20% of patients on statin therapy in clinical practice, the size of the statin intolerant market is poised to grow should an effective non-statin therapy become available.
We have one ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating ETC-1002 as an LDL-C lowering agent specifically in patients with a history of intolerance to two or more statins. We expect to initiate a larger Phase 2b clinical trial in this targeted population by the end of 2013 and to report top-line results by the end of 2014. Our completed Phase 2a clinical trials have demonstrated significant average LDL-C reductions as high as 43% and reductions comparable to statins in levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, or hsCRP, a key marker of inflammation. Zetia and Welchol, the most prescribed therapies for elevated LDL-C levels other than statins, have each reported LDL-C lowering of up to 18% in pivotal clinical trials while having no impact on hsCRP.
We also intend to advance the development of ETC-1002 as a therapy for patients currently on statin therapy but who are unable to achieve their LDL-C goals. These patients, known as residual risk patients, remain at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, estimates there are approximately 11 million adults in the United States in this residual risk patient population. We are currently evaluating the efficacy and interaction of ETC-1002 and a 10 mg dose of atorvastatin calcium in an ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial, and we expect to initiate a larger Phase 2b clinical trial in this patient population by the end of 2013 and to report top-line results by the end of 2014.
Based upon its dual mechanism of action, we believe there are a number of additional specific patient populations in which ETC-1002 could have a beneficial effect. For example, the FDA recently warned of the link between the use of statins and an increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and worsening of glucose control. By contrast, in our Phase 2a clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes, ETC-1002 lowered LDL-C by an average of 43% without increasing blood glucose levels. A significant number of patients with elevated levels of LDL-C, or hypercholesterolemia, have one or more additional cardiometabolic risk factors that are poorly controlled, including elevated levels of hsCRP, blood glucose, blood pressure and excess weight. Post hoc analyses of data from our
65
completed clinical trials have shown that ETC-1002 could potentially have a beneficial impact on one or more of these cardiometabolic risk factors.
We were founded in January 2008 by former executives of and investors in the original Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, which was primarily focused on the research and development of therapies to regulate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or HDL-C. After successfully completing a Phase 2a clinical trial with its synthetic HDL therapy, the original Esperion was acquired by Pfizer Inc. in 2004. ETC-1002 was first discovered at the original Esperion and we subsequently acquired the rights to it from Pfizer in 2008. To date, we have raised approximately $57 million to develop ETC-1002.
Our Strategy
Our objective is to be a leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of novel therapies for the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia and other cardiometabolic risk factors. The core elements of our strategy include:
66
for patients with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors; and 4WF, a synthetic HDL therapy to reverse the deleterious effects of atherosclerosis.
Product Pipeline
The following table summarizes the current status of our product development pipeline:
|
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Product Candidate |
|
Targeted Indication |
|
Stage of Clinical Development |
|
Development Status |
|
||||||||
ETC-1002 | LDL-C lowering in statin intolerant patients | Phase 2a | Top-line data from Phase 2a (ETC-1002-006) expected Q2 2013 |
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
Expect to initiate Phase 2b (ETC-1002-008) in Q4 2013 |
|||||||||||||
LDL-C lowering in residual risk patients | Phase 2a | Top-line data from Phase 2a (ETC-1002-007) expected Q3 2013 |
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
Expect to initiate Phase 2b (ETC-1002-009) in Q4 2013 |
||||||||||||
LDL-C lowering in additional specific patient populations | Phase 2a | Completed first Phase 2a (ETC-1002-005) in type 2 diabetes patient population |
||||||||||||||
ESP41091 | Type 2 diabetes and obesity | Pre-clinical | Pre-clinical studies ongoing |
|||||||||||||
4WF | Low HDL | Pre-clinical | Pre-clinical studies ongoing |
ETC-1002
ETC-1002 is a novel, first in class, orally available, once-daily LDL-C lowering small molecule therapy with unique dual mechanisms of action that have the potential to regulate both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. ETC-1002 is differentiated from statins because it acts at an earlier step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. ETC-1002 operates through two separate mechanisms of action. ETC-1002 works by inhibiting ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and activating 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Its regulation of ACL and AMPK is complementary, since both enzymes are known to play significant roles in the synthesis of cholesterol and glucose in the liver. By
67
inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver, ETC-1002 causes the liver to take up LDL particles from the blood, which reduces blood LDL-C levels.
Although both ETC-1002 and statins reduce LDL-C levels to a similar extent, they do so through distinct mechanisms of action that target different enzymes that are important to the cholesterol synthesis pathway. ETC-1002 has dual mechanisms of action that activate AMPK and inhibit ACL, whereas statins have a mechanism of action that directly inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase. Reductions in LDL-C levels resulting from statin therapy are ultimately due to reduced cholesterol synthesis and an increase in the number of LDL receptors in the liver. By inhibiting ACL, ETC-1002 results in LDL-C lowering comparable to statins, and we believe, may be complementary and additive for further lowering of LDL-C when used in combination with statins.
Dr. Newton and his scientific team first discovered ETC-1002 at the original Esperion, and we subsequently acquired its exclusive worldwide rights from Pfizer in 2008. Initially, we intend to seek approval of ETC-1002 as a therapy for patients with elevated levels of LDL-C who are unable to tolerate statin therapy due to muscle pain or weakness. Subsequently, we expect that we will seek approval of ETC-1002 in a broader population of patients who are unable to achieve their LDL-C goals despite being on a statin regimen and therefore remain at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular Disease and Hypercholesterolemia
Cardiovascular disease, which results in heart attacks, strokes and other cardiovascular events, represents the number one cause of death and disability in western societies. The American Heart Association estimates that approximately 800,000 deaths in the United States were caused by cardiovascular disease in 2009.
Elevated LDL-C is well-accepted as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the CDC estimates that 71 million U.S. adults have elevated levels of LDL-C. A consequence of elevated LDL-C is atherosclerosis, which is a disease that is characterized by the deposition of excess cholesterol and other lipids in the walls of arteries as plaque. The development of atherosclerotic plaques often leads to cardiovascular disease. The risk relationship between elevated LDL-C and cardiovascular disease was first defined by the Framingham Heart Study, which commenced in 1948 to define the factors that contributed to the development of cardiovascular disease. The study enrolled participants who did not have any form of cardiovascular disease and followed them over a long period of time. Elevated LDL-C and elevated blood pressure were identified early on as key risk factors for the eventual development of cardiovascular disease.
The hypothesis that lowering elevated levels of LDL-C would translate into reduced risk of cardiovascular disease was first proven in 1984 with the publication of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. In this study, treatment with cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant, showed a 20% reduction in LDL-C and, importantly, a 19% reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, or heart attack. This was the first major clinical study to demonstrate a direct relationship between lowering LDL-C levels and reduced risk of major cardiovascular events.
The first marketed statin, lovastatin, was approved for use in the United States in 1987 based on its ability to significantly lower elevated LDL-C levels. That same year, the National Cholesterol Education Program issued its first guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia. Over the subsequent 20 years, seven more statins were approved for use to lower elevated LDL-C levels.
In 1994, the first clinical outcomes study with a statin was published. This study demonstrated a significant reduction in risk for total mortality and major cardiovascular events. A series of additional clinical outcomes studies with statins have each shown that lowering elevated LDL-C translated into
68
reduced major cardiovascular events. The relationship between the extent of LDL-C lowering and reduction in cardiovascular risk appeared to be linear, which has supported a "lower is better" hypothesis. This hypothesis was tested and proven in the PROVE-IT (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy) study where an on-treatment LDL-C level of 62 mg/dL associated with atorvastatin treatment translated into a statistically significant 16% reduction in risk of major cardiovascular events as compared with the 95 mg/dL on-treatment LDL-C level associated with pravastatin.
The direct relationship between lower LDL-C levels and reduced risk for major cardiovascular events has been consistently demonstrated for more than a decade in 14 clinical trials involving more than 90,000 patients. As a result, physicians are highly focused on lowering LDL-C levels in their patients, and we believe there is a trend towards even more aggressive LDL-C lowering. For example, in the United States, increasing attention has been placed on aggressive LDL-C management by organizations such as the National Cholesterol Education Program, or NCEP, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Additionally, both the Canadian Cardiovascular Society and the Joint British Societies have supported even lower LDL-C treatment targets for high-risk patients. This has led to the combination of statins with other treatments, such as Zetia.
In July 2004, the NCEP issued an update to its Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) clinical practice guidelines on cholesterol management, advising physicians to consider new, more intensive treatment options for people at very high risk, high risk and moderately high risk for cardiovascular disease. The LDL-C goals in these updated clinical practice guidelines, which are presented below, contemplate initiating drug therapy at lower LDL-C thresholds, expanding the number of potential patients for LDL-C lowering therapy.
NCEP ATP III Clinical Practice Guidelines
Patient Cardiovascular Disease Risk
|
LDL-C Goal | |
---|---|---|
Very High Risk |
< 70 mg/dL | |
Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Equivalent |
< 100 mg/dL | |
Multiple (2+) Risk Factors |
< 130 mg/dL | |
0-1 Risk Factor |
< 160 mg/dL |
We believe LDL-C treatment targets will continue to evolve. For example, in 2011, the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published updated guidelines for the treatment of patients with lipid disorders. In patients at the highest level of risk, the goal of therapy is less than 70 mg/dL or greater than 50% lowering of LDL-C when the goal of less than 70 mg/dL cannot be reached.
69
Currently Approved Therapies
The following table illustrates common therapies used to treat hypercholesterolemia:
|
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Class of Therapy |
|
Labeled Indication |
|
Average LDL-C Change from Baseline |
|
Key Side Effects |
|
||||||||
|
Statins |
|
Reduction in LDL-C |
|
Up to 63% |
|
Skeletal muscle effects (e.g., myopathy and rhabdomyolysis) |
|||||||||
|
|
FDA recently warned that people being treated with statins may have an increased risk of raised blood sugar levels and the development of type 2 diabetes |
||||||||||||||
|
Fixed combination therapies | Reduction in LDL-C | Up to 63% | Includes a statin as one of the underlying therapies and therefore contains the same side effects outlined above |
||||||||||||
|
Bile acid sequestrants | Reduction in LDL-C(1) | Up to 20% | Gastrointestinal disorders |
||||||||||||
|
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors | Reduction in LDL-C | Up to 18% | Limited |
||||||||||||
|
Niacin | Reduction in LDL-C; Reduction in recurrent myocardial infarction |
Up to 17% | Flushing (i.e., warmth or redness) hepatic toxicity and skeletal muscle effects |
||||||||||||
|
Fibrates | Reduction in triglycerides and LDL-C | Up to 21% | Gallstones, skeletal muscle effects and liver disorders |
Other Approved Therapies for Specific Populations
A small subpopulation of patients with extremely elevated levels of LDL-C, estimated to be approximately 300 patients in the U.S., suffer from homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, or HoFH. HoFH is a serious and rare genetic disease and patients with HoFH lack or have dysfunctional receptors and as a result, cannot remove LDL particles and LDL-C from the blood. As a result, untreated HoFH patients typically have LDL-C levels in the range of 450 mg/dL to 1,000 mg/dL. MTP inhibitors and ApoB antisense drugs are approved therapies to treat patients with a clinical or laboratory diagnosis of HoFH. Given the serious safety concerns with these therapies, specifically hepatotoxicity, the FDA has restricted their usage to this narrow subpopulation.
Statin Therapy
Statins are the cornerstone of lipid treatment today and are highly effective at lowering LDL-C. This class of drugs includes atorvastatin calcium, marketed as Lipitor®, the most prescribed LDL-C drug in the world and the best-selling pharmaceutical in history. Approximately 25% of Americans over the age of 45 from 2005 to 2008 were treated for elevated LDL-C levels with a statin therapy, according to a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Statins are selective, competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, and work primarily in liver cells. Statin inhibition of cholesterol synthesis increases the number of LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells. This increase in LDL receptors enhances uptake of LDL particles into liver cells from the circulation, thus lowering LDL-C levels.
70
An illustration of a statin's mechanism of action is as follows:
The benefits of statin use in lowering LDL-C levels and improving cardiovascular outcomes are well documented. Despite the effectiveness of statins and their broad market acceptance, there is a significant subset of patients who are unable to tolerate statins due to muscle pain or weakness, memory loss or increased glucose levels, or who are otherwise unable to reach their LDL-C goal on statin therapy alone. In rare but extreme cases, statins can lead to muscle breakdown, kidney failure and death. In addition, the FDA has recently warned that statins can cause hyperglycemia, an increase in blood sugar levels and create an increased risk of worsening of glycemic control and of new onset diabetes. There are approximately 37 million U.S. adults with elevated LDL-C levels who are not on an LDL-C lowering therapy. For these reasons, we believe there is a need for novel therapies to treat patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Statin IntoleranceInitial Market Opportunity for ETC-1002
We are initially pursuing the clinical development of ETC-1002 as a therapy for patients with hypercholesterolemia who are statin intolerant. Based upon our communications with the FDA, we define statin intolerance as the inability to tolerate at least two statins, one of which was taken at the lowest approved dose, due to skeletal muscle pain, aches, weakness or cramping, that manifested or increased during statin therapy and stopped upon the discontinuation of statin usage.
Patient adherence to statin therapy is suboptimal. Various studies estimate that more than 50% of patients stop taking statins within one year of initiating treatment. Not surprisingly, poor statin adherence is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. Although several reasons are cited for poor adherence, muscle pain or weakness is the most common side effect experienced by statin users and the most common cause for discontinuing therapy.
According to the USAGE survey, an approximately 10,000 patient academic study of current and former statin users published during 2012 in the Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 12% of patients on statins discontinue therapy and 62% of these patients cited side effects as the reason for discontinuation. More than 86% of patients who discontinued therapy because of side effects cited muscle pain or weakness as the reason. Based upon these data, approximately 6% of statin users, or more than 2 million adults in the United States, ceased therapy because of muscle pain or weakness and are therefore statin intolerant.
71
Moreover, a significant proportion of patients remain on statin therapy despite experiencing muscle-related side effects. The rate of occurrence in the clinical setting, as highlighted by the USAGE survey, is significantly higher than the up to 5% rate reported by subjects in the controlled environment of clinical trials. The USAGE survey reported that 25% of patients currently on statins have muscle-related side effects. Similarly, a study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in August 2008 estimated that up to 20% of statin-treated patients in clinical practice complained of muscle pain. Accordingly, we believe that in the presence of a safe and efficacious non-statin, oral, once-daily, small molecule LDL-C lowering therapy, the statin intolerant market could grow substantially.
Available data suggest there are two therapies prescribed most frequently for statin intolerant patients. Neither of these therapies is as effective at lowering LDL-C levels as statins. The following table summarizes what we believe to be the two most prescribed therapies available for statin intolerant patients in the United States along with their corresponding 2012 sales:
2012 U.S. Sales | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Approved |
Stain Intolerant Population (estimate) |
Average LDL-C Change from |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Drug | Class of Therapy | Total | % of Total | $ | Baseline | |||||||||||||||||||
Zetia | Cholesterol absorption inhibitors | $1.3 billion | 50% | $650 million | Up to 18% | |||||||||||||||||||
Welchol | Bile acid sequestrants | $382 million | 45% | $170 million | Up to 20% |
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors and bile acid sequestrants each have a mechanism of action that is different from that of a statin, thereby providing an alternative for patients that are intolerant to statins. While these therapies generally lack the muscle pain and weakness side effect commonly associated with statins, these therapies only result in modest LDL-C reductions. We believe these modest LDL-C lowering capacities are often insufficient for most hypercholesterolemic patients to reach their LDL-C goals.
Residual Risk PatientsSubsequent Market Opportunity for ETC-1002
In addition to developing ETC-1002 for the treatment of statin intolerant patients, we expect to continue to develop ETC-1002 as an add-on therapy for hypercholesterolemic patients who are unable to reach their recommended LDL-C goals despite the use of statin therapy. The severity of hypercholesterolemia in these patients, their level of residual cardiovascular disease risk and their therapeutic options all vary widely.
A small portion of residual risk patients, particularly those with HoFH, have LDL-C levels in the range of 450 mg/dL to 1,000 mg/dL. At the other end of the spectrum, a small segment of residual risk patients could potentially achieve their LDL-C goal with modest changes to diet and exercise.
We believe the overwhelming majority of residual risk patients have LDL-C levels between these two extreme ranges and would benefit from additional therapeutic intervention. To avoid any increase in statin dose or, after increasing statin therapy to the patient's maximum tolerated dose, clinicians today often switch patients to fixed combination once-daily, oral small molecule therapies, such as Vytorin (ezetimibe and simvastatin), Advicor (niacin extended release and lovastatin) and Simcor (niacin simvastatin). In 2012, U.S. sales of Vytorin were $760.0 million. A significant number of these patients also receive Zetia or Welchol in addition to their statin, to achieve their LDL-C goal. In 2012, combined U.S. sales of Zetia and Welchol were $1.7 billion.
The CDC estimates that there are approximately 11 million residual risk patients in the United States. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, "Vital Signs: Prevalence, Treatment, and Control of High Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein CholesterolUnited States, 1999 2002 and 2005 2008," we estimate that 70% of the 11 million residual risk patients in the
72
United States, or 7.7 million people, are within 30% of their LDL-C goal. While there are a number of therapeutic alternatives for residual risk patients, we expect that patients, clinicians and payors will continue to first seek once-daily, oral small molecule therapies which have been the standard of the LDL-C lowering therapy market.
Additional Therapies in DevelopmentPCSK9 Inhibitors
A number of larger biopharmaceutical companies are currently developing a new class of biologic therapies that target proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, or PCSK9, an enzyme that binds LDL receptors. These PCSK9 inhibitors, which are still in clinical development, are injectable, fully-human antibodies that are being evaluated as potential therapies to lower LDL-C, including in patients who are statin intolerant or who have residual risk. In July 2012, Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that they had commenced several Phase 3 clinical trials of SAR236553/REGN727, their PCSK9 inhibitor. Amgen Inc. announced that it expects to commence Phase 3 clinical trials of AMG-145, its PCSK9 inhibitor, in 2013. In monotherapy clinical trials to date, PCSK9 inhibitors have demonstrated significant reductions of LDL-C, up to 51% in monotherapy. The PCSK9 inhibitors, if approved, could be an effective therapeutic alternative for statin intolerant patients or as an add on to, statin therapy. Notwithstanding this efficacy, we believe the adoption of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy by payors, physicians, and patients will be impacted by the higher costs of biologic therapies and the inconvenience of injection therapies.
Clinical Experience
To date, ETC-1002 has been studied in five clinical trials across three separate patient populations: healthy volunteers; patients with elevated LDL-C levels; and patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated LDL-C levels. These clinical trials consisted of two Phase 2a clinical trials and three Phase 1 clinical trials. The individual design and results of each of our completed clinical trials are discussed below.
73
Completed Clinical Trials
To date, we have completed the following clinical trials of ETC-1002:
|
Treatment | Subjects | ||||||||||||||||||
Description | Title | Duration | Total | Treated | ||||||||||||||||
Phase 2a Proof of Concept Clinical Trial in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes | ||||||||||||||||||||
ETC-1002-005 |
Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, single site clinical trial to evaluate the LDL-C lowering efficacy and safety of ETC-1002 in patients with type 2 diabetes |
4 Weeks |
60 |
30 |
||||||||||||||||
Phase 1b Multiple-Dose Tolerance Greater Than 120 mg Clinical Trial | ||||||||||||||||||||
ETC-1002-004 |
Multiple ascending dose clinical trial to evaluate safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ETC-1002 in doses greater than 120 mg once-daily in healthy subjects |
2 Weeks |
24 |
18 |
||||||||||||||||
Phase 2a Proof of Concept Clinical Trial in Hypercholesterolemic Patients | ||||||||||||||||||||
ETC-1002-003 |
Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the LDL-C lowering efficacy and safety of ETC-1002 in patients with hypercholesterolemia and either normal or elevated triglycerides |
12 Weeks |
177 |
133 |
||||||||||||||||
Phase 1b Multiple-Dose Tolerance Clinical Trial | ||||||||||||||||||||
ETC-1002-002 |
Multiple ascending dose clinical trial to evaluate safety, tolerability, PK and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ETC-1002 in doses of up to 120 mg once-daily in healthy subjects |
2 Weeks / 4 Weeks |
53 |
39 |
||||||||||||||||
Phase 1a Single-Dose Tolerance Clinical Trial | ||||||||||||||||||||
ETC-1002-001 |
First-in-human single-dose clinical trial to evaluate safety, tolerability and PK of ETC-1002 in healthy subjects |
Single Dose |
18 |
18 |
Across all these completed clinical trials, ETC-1002 has been well-tolerated and not associated with serious side effects. There have been no serious adverse events, or SAEs, in subjects and patients dosed with ETC-1002, although two SAEs were observed in patients on placebo. To date, no dose-limiting clinical toxicity has been observed in any of our completed clinical trials.
Phase 2a Clinical Trials
ETC-1002-005Phase 2a Proof of Concept Clinical Trial in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
ETC-1002-005 was a four week Phase 2a proof-of-concept clinical trial at a single site. This clinical trial was designed to evaluate the LDL-C lowering efficacy and safety of ETC-1002 in patients with type 2 diabetes. One treatment arm was placebo and the other was 80 mg of ETC-1002, once-daily for two weeks, followed by 120 mg of ETC-1002, once-daily for two additional weeks. The key results of this clinical trial are summarized as follows:
74
Phase 2a Proof of Concept Clinical Trial in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (ETC-1002-005)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Trial Arm |
|
Time Period |
|
Number of Patients |
|
Baseline LDL-C (mg/dL) |
|
Average LDL-C Change from Baseline |
|
p-value |
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Placebo |
Days | 30 | 128 | -6% | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (80 mg) |
1 to 14 | 29 | 125 | -32% | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Placebo |
Days | 30 | 128 | -4% | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (120 mg) |
15 to 28 | 29 | 125 | -43% | <0.0001 |
ETC-1002-005 Study Design. This Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial was conducted at a single site. Patient screening occurred at least 38 days prior to randomization and included a 28 day washout of all glucose- and lipid-regulating drugs and supplements. Sixty eligible patients were randomized to receive with equal probability either ETC-1002 80 mg or placebo once-daily (1:1) for 14 days. Those patients randomized to ETC-1002 were then titrated up to 120 mg once-daily and those patients randomized to placebo continued on placebo through the end of the clinical trial. Patients were confined to the clinical site from the morning of Day (-7) to the morning of Day (29) in order to stabilize diet and lifestyle, monitor safety continuously and complete key efficacy assessments.
ETC-1002-005 Study Population. Sixty patients, 98% of whom were Hispanic or Latino, 62% of whom were male, and the average age of all patients was 56 years.
75
ETC-1002-005 Safety and Tolerability Profile. No SAEs were observed in patients dosed with ETC-1002. ETC-1002 was safe, well-tolerated and associated with no dose-limiting side-effects. All subjects completed the study except for one patient treated with placebo who withdrew due to an SAE of heart attack. One patient dosed with placebo had an SAE of kidney stones but completed the clinical trial. Headache was reported by six patients dosed with ETC-1002 as compared to three patients dosed with placebo. No patient dosed with ETC-1002 reported myalgia. No patient dosed with ETC-1002 experienced substantial elevations (repeated and confirmed) in liver function tests greater than three times the upper level of normal. No patient dosed with ETC-1002 experienced substantial elevations (repeated and confirmed) of creatine kinase greater than five times the upper limit of normal. Notable changes in group safety lab parameters were not observed with the exception of modest average increases in uric acid and homocysteine and a modest average decrease in alkaline phosphatase. Reductions in hemoglobin were seen in both the ETC-1002 and placebo arms, with a slightly greater effect in ETC-1002 patients. The clinical relevance of these changes are unclear at this time.
ETC-1002-003Phase 2a Proof of Concept Clinical Trial in Hypercholesterolemic Patients
ETC-1002-003 was a 12-week Phase 2a proof-of-concept study in 177 patients, of whom 133 were dosed with ETC-1002, across 11 participating clinical recruitment sites in the United States. This clinical trial was designed to evaluate the LDL-C lowering efficacy and safety of ETC-1002 versus placebo in patients with hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C of 130 to 220 mg/dL) and either normal (less than 150 mg/dL) or elevated triglycerides (150 to 400 mg/dL). The four arms were placebo and 40 mg, 80 mg and 120 mg doses of ETC-1002 once-daily. The key results of this clinical trial are summarized as follows:
12-Week Phase 2a Proof of Concept Clinical Trial in Hypercholesterolemic Patients (ETC-1002-003)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Trial Arm |
|
Number of Patients |
|
Baseline LDL-C (mg/dL) |
|
Average LDL-C Change from Baseline |
|
p-value |
|
||||||||||||||
|
Placebo |
42 | 168 | -2 | % | | ||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (40 mg) |
42 | 163 | -18 | % | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (80 mg) |
44 | 170 | -25 | % | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (120 mg) |
42 | 165 | -27 | % | <0.0001 |
76
ETC-1002-003 Study Design. This was a Phase 2a, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial. Patient screening included a six week washout of all lipid-regulating therapies. Patients were stratified into a normal (less than 150 mg/dL) or elevated (150 to 400 mg/dL) triglyceride stratum and randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to placebo or 40 mg, 80 mg or 120 mg of ETC-1002.
ETC-1002-003 Study Population. 177 patients were enrolled. 86% of patients were caucasian and 55% were male and the average age of all patients was 57 years.
ETC-1002-003 Safety and Tolerability Profile. There were no SAEs observed in patients dosed with ETC-1002. ETC-1002 was safe, well-tolerated and associated with no dose-limiting side-effects. 15% of patients withdrew from the clinical trial for various reasons, the most common being side effects. The number of patients that withdrew from each active treatment arm was comparable to the placebo arm. Myalgia was reported by two patients dosed with ETC-1002 at 40 mg; two patients dosed with ETC-1002 at 80 mg; three patients dosed with ETC-1002 at 120 mg; and in no patients dosed with placebo. Further investigation of the seven ETC-1002 patients reporting myalgia showed that a single patient receiving an 80 mg dose of ETC-1002 withdrew from the clinical trial due to this adverse event while all other patients completed the full 12 weeks of treatment. None of the individuals reporting myalgia experienced concurrent creatine kinase elevations more than two times the upper limit of normal. A single ETC-1002 patient experienced a substantial elevation (repeated and confirmed) in liver function tests more than three times the upper limit of normal. This lab abnormality of greater than four times the upper limit of normal was assessed by the investigator as not related to treatment as it coincided with a confirmed acute cytomegalovirus infection. No patient experienced (repeated and confirmed) creatine kinase greater than five times times the upper limit of normal. Notable changes in group safety lab parameters were not observed with the exception of modest average increases in uric acid and homocysteine and modest average decreases in alkaline phosphatase and hemoglobin, the clinical relevance of which is unclear at this time.
Phase 1 Clinical Trials
Our completed Phase 1 clinical trials of ETC-1002 exposed subjects in one single dose tolerance test and two multiple dose tolerance tests. Our single dose tolerance test dosed subjects with up to 250 mg of ETC-1002. Our multiple dose tolerance tests dosed subjects with up to 120 mg and 220 mg of ETC-1002, respectively. We did not identify any dose-limiting side effects in either the single dose tolerance test or the multiple dose tolerance tests, and ETC-1002 was safe and well-tolerated in each clinical trial. In addition, LDL-C was lowered rapidly in the multiple dose tolerance tests, including in as early as five days, and we observed an average reduction in LDL-C levels of up to 36%.
ETC-1002-004Phase 1b Multiple Dose Tolerance Greater Than 120 mg Clinical Trial
ETC-1002-004 was a two-week, Phase 1b, multiple dose tolerance clinical trial in 24 subjects, of whom 18 were dosed with ETC-1002. This clinical trial was designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of escalating, multiple oral doses of ETC-1002 above 120 mg/day. Subjects in this clinical trial received 140, 180, or 220 mg of ETC-1002 or placebo once-daily for 14 days. The key pharmacodynamic results of this clinical trial are as follows:
77
14-Day Phase 1b Multiple-Dose Tolerance Greater Than 120mg (ETC-1002-004)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Trial Arm |
|
Number of Subjects |
|
Baseline LDL-C (mg/dL) |
|
Average LDL-C Change from Baseline |
|
p-value |
|
||||||||||||||
|
Placebo |
6 | 121 | +4 | % | | ||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (140 mg) |
6 | 113 | -21 | % | 0.0012 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (180 mg) |
6 | 100 | -27 | % | 0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (220 mg) |
6 | 105 | -36 | % | <0.0001 |
ETC-1002-004 Study Design. This was a Phase 1 single site, randomized, double-blind (sponsor-open), placebo-controlled, ascending, multiple dose clinical trial designed with three ascending cohorts, each with eight healthy subjects. ETC-1002 was dosed once-daily for 14 days and subjects were housed at the clinical site for the duration of their treatment. Each dose group comprised of six subjects who received ETC-1002 and two subjects who received placebo.
ETC-1002-004 Study Population. Subjects in the clinical trial were healthy volunteers. 91.7% of the subjects were male and 83.3% were caucasian and the average age of all subjects was 35.8 years.
ETC-1002-004 Safety and Tolerability Profile. No SAEs were observed in the subjects dosed with ETC-1002. ETC-1002 was safe, well-tolerated and associated with no dose-limiting side-effects. Twenty-four subjects were enrolled and completed treatment in this clinical trial. No ETC-1002 subject reported myalgia or experienced substantial elevations (repeated and confirmed) in liver function tests greater than three times the upper limit of normal. No ETC-1002 subject experienced creatine kinase greater than five times the upper limit of normal. Notable changes in group safety lab parameters were not observed with the exception of a modest average increase in homocysteine, the clinical relevance of which is unclear at this time.
ETC-1002-002Phase 1b Multiple-Dose Tolerance Clinical Trial
ETC-1002-002 was a staged two-week and four-week Phase 1b multiple dose tolerance clinical trial in 53 subjects with 39 receiving ETC-1002 and 23 receiving placebo. The subjects were divided into four different cohorts of six subjects with each receiving 20, 60, 100 or 120 mg of ETC-1002 or placebo once-daily for 14 days. This was followed by a larger cohort that was treated for 28 days during which subjects lived outside of the clinical site for the duration of their treatment. This clinical trial demonstrated that the pharmacokinetics of ETC-1002 were well characterized and supported once-daily dosing.
78
The key pharmacodynamic results of this clinical trial are summarized as follows:
Phase 1 Multiple-Dose Tolerance Clinical Trial (ETC-1002-002)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Trial Arm |
|
Treatment Duration |
|
Number of Subjects |
|
Baseline LDL-C (mg/dL) |
|
Average LDL-C Change from Baseline |
|
p-value |
|
||||||||||||||||
|
Placebo |
8 | 114 | +11 | % | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (20 mg) |
6 | 124 | +4 | % | 0.2975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (60 mg) |
2-weeks | 6 | 138 | -11 | % | 0.0035 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (100 mg) |
6 | 135 | -17 | % | 0.0003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (120 mg) |
6 | 127 | -15 | % | 0.0004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Placebo |
4-weeks | 6 | 146 | -1 | % | | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
ETC-1002 (120 mg) |
15 | 122 | -16 | % | 0.0317 |
ETC-1002-002 Study Design. This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind (sponsor-open), placebo-controlled, ascending, multiple dose clinical trial that was conducted in 32 subjects (Cohorts 1 through 4) and in 21 subjects (Cohort 5) with mildly elevated LDL-C. Subjects in the first four cohorts were housed at the clinical site for the duration of their 14-day treatment whereas subjects in Cohort 5 were housed at the clinical site beginning two days prior to, and through two hours after, their first treatment and then again for the 24-hour period at the end of their 28-day treatment period.
ETC-1002-002 Study Population. Subjects in the clinical trial had baseline LDL-C levels greater than 100 mg/dL. Fifty-two of the fifty-three subjects who enrolled in this clinical trial completed treatment. One subject in Cohort 5 withdrew due to personal reasons. 90.6% of subjects enrolled into this clinical trial were male, 86.8% were caucasian and the average age of all subjects was 39 years.
ETC-1002-002 Safety and Tolerability Profile. No SAEs were observed in the subjects dosed with ETC-1002. ETC-1002 was safe, well-tolerated and associated with no dose-limiting side-effects. No ETC-1002 subject reported myalgia or experienced substantial elevations (repeated and confirmed) in liver function tests greater than three times the upper limit of normal. No ETC-1002 subject experienced creatine kinase greater than five times the upper limit of normal. Notable changes in group safety lab parameters were not observed.
Overall Safety Observations
To date, 238 patients have been treated with ETC-1002 for periods of up to 12 weeks at maximum repeated doses of 220 mg per day. ETC-1002 has been safe and well-tolerated with no dose-limiting side effects identified to date in our ongoing or completed clinical trials. No clinical safety trends have emerged to date although very modest shifts in group mean levels of hemoglobin, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase and homocysteine were identified in some of our completed clinical trials. The clinical relevance of these shifts are not readily apparent and will be monitored in our future clinical trials.
79
Ongoing and Planned Clinical Trials
Statin Intolerant Population (ETC-1002-006 and ETC-1002-008)
The Phase 2 component of the statin intolerance clinical development program consists of two clinical trials, one of which is ongoing and one of which we expect to initiate in the third quarter of 2013.
ETC-1002-006
This ongoing clinical trial is designed to evaluate the LDL-C lowering effect of ETC-1002 in a statin intolerant population. This clinical trial enrolled 56 patients with a history of statin intolerance to two or more statins and randomized them to ETC-1002 or placebo in a 2:1 randomized fashion where 36 patients are dosed with ETC-1002 and 18 patients are dosed with placebo. The primary endpoint of this clinical trial is LDL-C lowering. Patients will be dosed up to eight weeks in a forced titration schema of 60 mg, 120 mg, 180 mg and 240 mg doses for two weeks each. We expect to report top-line data for this clinical trial in June 2013. We will also assess the safety and tolerability of ETC-1002.
ETC-1002-008
We expect ETC-1002-008 will be a 12-week study for the treatment of elevated LDL-C levels in patients who are statin intolerant. The purpose of this clinical trial will be to inform dosing for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in a population of statin intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia. We currently expect that ETC-1002-008 will utilize two or three doses of ETC-1002 in a parallel group design up to 12 weeks in duration, with Zetia, a common treatment for statin intolerance, as a comparator. The goal will be to demonstrate comparable tolerability with superior efficacy to Zetia for the treatment of patients with elevated LDL-C levels and intolerance to two or more statins due to muscle-related adverse events. We expect to initiate ETC-1002-008 in the third quarter of 2013.
Residual Risk Population (ETC-1002-007 and ETC-1002-009)
The objective of this statin add-on clinical program will be to provide two clinical trials to support Phase 3 dosing of the compound in residual risk patients. A Phase 3 clinical trial in this patient population is not currently planned and will likely commence as a supplemental indication if results from Phase 3 clinical trials for the statin intolerant indication support the filing of an NDA for that indication.
ETC-1002-007
This ongoing clinical trial is designed to test for pharmacokinetic interaction between ETC-1002 and the 10 mg dose of atorvastatin calcium. This clinical trial targeted enrollment of 52 patients. Individuals were placed on atorvastatin calcium (10 mg) for four weeks to achieve steady state levels. Patients were then randomized in a 3:1 ratio of active ETC-1002 treatment to placebo for eight weeks. During this clinical trial, patients will be dosed up to eight weeks in a forced titration schema of 60 mg, 120 mg, 180 mg and 240 mg doses for two weeks each. We will assess patients for blood levels of atorvastatin and ETC-1002, safety, tolerability and LDL-C lowering.
ETC-1002-009
We expect ETC-1002-009 will be a 12-week study for the treatment of patients on statin therapy who are at a residual risk for cardiovascular disease because of elevated LDL-C levels. Many hypercholesterolemic on statin therapy patients do not achieve NCEP ATP-III LDL-C cholesterol goals. In addition, many statin-treated patients are not able to achieve high enough doses due to side effects. We are designing ETC-1002-009 to establish a dose range for ETC-1002 in an additive manner to patients on current statin therapy. The goal will be to demonstrate that ETC-1002, when added onto
80
statin therapy, will improve LDL-C goal achievement. We expect to initiate ETC-1002-009 in the fourth quarter of 2013.
Additional Regulatory Studies
Phase 3 Clinical Trials
If we successfully complete the Phase 2b clinical trials of ETC-1002 for which we intend to commence enrollment during 2013, we will use the results of these clinical trials to inform dosing for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials. We will conduct these pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials in larger patient populations to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. Any such Phase 3 clinical trials and the additionally required long-term safety study, would be intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of ETC-1002 and to provide an adequate basis for regulatory approval of ETC-1002.
Cardiovascular Outcomes Study
We believe it is well-accepted that every 1.6 mg/dL lowering of LDL-C through the cholesterol synthesis pathway results in a 1% lowering of cardiovascular disease risk. To date, the FDA has not required any approved therapy targeting LDL-C lowering, including non-statin therapies, to initiate or complete a cardiovascular outcomes study in connection with its approval. ETC-1002 inhibits cholesterol synthesis and lowers LDL-C through liver-specific inhibition of ACL at an earlier step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway that is upstream from HMG Co-A reductase, the target for statins. Because of this mechanism of action to lower LDL-C in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, we believe it is unlikely that the FDA will require us to initiate or complete a cardiovascular outcomes study as a condition to our initially seeking approval of ETC-1002 as a therapy to lower LDL-C in the narrow indication of patients who suffer from hypercholesterolemia and are unable to tolerate statin therapy. Notwithstanding our current expectations, the FDA could require us to initiate or complete a cardiovascular outcomes study as a condition to filing or approving an NDA for ETC-1002 or as a post-approval requirement. Any such study, if required, would be costly and time-consuming and, regardless of the outcome, would involve substantial costs and adversely affect our development timeline.
Studies in Response to Partial Clinical Holds
In 2009, the FDA determined that ETC-1002 was a potential peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, or PPAR, agonist and as a result was subject to a partial clinical hold. The FDA has issued such notices to all sponsors of PPARs or agents deemed to have PPAR-like properties. The partial clinical hold permits clinical trials of up of to six months' duration for ETC-1002 and also requires us to conduct two year rat and mouse carcinogenicity studies before initiating Phase 3 clinical trials of longer than six months. Our two year rat and mouse carcinogenicity studies are scheduled for completion by April and May 2014 and draft reports will be issued six months later.
The clinical data to date appear to demonstrate the absence of PPAR mediated pharmacology (triglyceride decreases, adiponectin increases, mild ALT increases) or toxicity (weight gain, edema, creatinine kinase/creatinine increases) in humans. This is supportive of the conclusion that the weak PPAR alpha/gamma activities observed in animal models preclinically are not observed with therapeutic doses of ETC-1002 in humans. These effects will continue to be monitored in our future clinical program. Most importantly, our clinical studies have demonstrated rapid and significant LDL-C lowering consistent with the dual mechanisms of action inhibiting ATP-citrate lyase and activating hepatic AMPK.
In addition, based upon early preclinical toxicology results, the FDA has limited our ability to dose ETC-1002 above 240 mg in our clinical trials. Currently, we do not expect to dose ETC-1002 above 240 mg.
81
If we are unable to address FDA's concerns related to the partial clinical hold, we could be delayed in, or prevented from, obtaining marketing approval of ETC-1002. Additionally, FDA could raise these concerns as part of the NDA review process for ETC-1002, which could result in adverse limitations in any approved labeling or on distribution and use of ETC-1002, if approved.
Pharmacology and Toxicology Studies
Our pre-clinical studies of ETC-1002 have demonstrated favorable effects on plasma LDL-C and triglycerides, blood pressure, blood glucose and insulin levels, inflammation and weight gain in diet-induced and genetic pre-clinical models of dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. In a progression model of atherosclerosis using a LDL-receptor deficient mouse model, ETC-1002 demonstrated reductions in atherosclerotic plaque content and size with beneficial changes in inflammatory markers.
Mechanism of Action
ETC-1002 is dosed orally, absorbed rapidly in the small intestine and enters the liver through cell surface receptors different from those transporters that selectively take up statins. In a small portion of the population that has genetically impaired organic anion transporters, statins are unable to enter the liver and as a result accumulate in the blood, ultimately concentrating in the muscles. These deposits lead to muscle pain and weakness. In addition, some patients without impaired organic anion transporters still experience muscle pain and weakness due to increased levels of statin in the blood on higher doses of statins. Importantly, impaired organic anion transporters do not lead to increased levels of ETC-1002 circulating in the blood or the muscle pain or weakness associated with statins.
Once in the liver, ETC-1002 inhibits ACL and activates AMPK. Pre-clinical studies show that in the liver, ETC-1002 is converted to a derivative coenzyme, or ETC-1002-CoA, which directly inhibits ACL, a key enzyme that supplies substrate for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, as well as glucose production in the liver.
ETC-1002's activation of AMPK complements the effects of hepatic ACL inhibition and contributes to the beneficial effects on other cardiometabolic risk factors including hsCRP, insulin sensitization, blood pressure and weight. While the relative contributions of ACL inhibition and AMPK activation are not yet known, improvements in these other cardiometabolic risk factors are consistent with these mechanisms. This dual mechanism of action has the potential to regulate metabolic imbalances in both the lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways, which do not function normally in
82
specific patient populations with specific cardiometabolic risk factors. An illustration of ETC-1002's mechanism of action and therapeutic effects on cardiometabolic risk factors is as follows:
ACL-Dependent Inhibition of Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis (a statin-like mechanism)
and AMPK Activation
Early-Stage Product Candidates
ESP41091
We acquired the exclusive worldwide rights to ESP40191 from Pfizer in April 2008. ESP41091, our second product candidate, is a pre-IND compound that we are exploring as a therapy for type 2 diabetes and obesity. In pre-clinical pharmacology studies, oral intervention with ESP41091 resolved hyperglycemia and reduced body weight following a four week treatment in a diet-induced obese mouse model of insulin resistance. Treatment with ESP41091 also resulted in beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and body weight in obese Zucker rats.
4WF
Our management team has prior success in the identification and clinical development of synthetic HDL therapies. At the original Esperion, we licensed apoA-I Milano, a synthetic HDL therapy, and successfully completed a Phase 2a clinical trial showing regression of atherosclerosis in high-risk acute coronary syndrome patients after four weeks of therapy. In June 2011, we acquired the exclusive worldwide rights to 4WF from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. 4WF is a next generation synthetic HDL therapy designed to preserve the function of HDL and its primary apolipoprotein, apoA-I, and to deliver oxidation-resistant synthetic HDL therapy via an injection as opposed to intravenous infusion. Moreover, recent research demonstrates that HDL becomes dysfunctional and loses its cholesterol acceptor and anti-inflammatory activity through myeloperoxidase mediated enzymatic oxidation. We believe the preferred means to improve HDL function is to increase the number and activity of HDL
83
particles in the body through HDL therapy. We believe our initial in vitro protein screening and characterization suggest the benefits of 4WF as an optimized myeloperoxidase oxidation-resistant apoA-I mimetic.
Sales and Marketing
Given our stage of development, we have not yet established a commercial organization or distribution capabilities, nor have we entered into any partnership or co-promotion arrangements with an established pharmaceutical company. To develop the appropriate commercial infrastructure to launch ETC-1002 in the United States, if approved, as a treatment for elevated levels of LDL-C in statin intolerant patients, we would need to invest significant financial and managerial resources. We may engage in partnering discussions with third parties from time to time. If we elect to seek approval and launch commercial sales of ETC-1002 outside of the United States or for broader patient populations in the United States, including residual risk patients who are unable to reach their LDL-C goal with a statin therapy, we may either do so on our own or by establishing alliances with one or more pharmaceutical company collaborators, depending on, among other things, the applicable indications, the related development costs and our available resources.
Manufacturing and Supply
ETC-1002 is a small molecule drug that is synthesized with readily available raw materials using conventional chemical processes. We currently have no manufacturing facilities and limited personnel with manufacturing experience. We rely on contract manufacturers to produce both drug substances and drug products required for our clinical trials. All lots of drug substance and drug product used in clinical trials are manufactured under current good manufacturing practices. We plan to continue to rely upon contract manufacturers and, potentially, collaboration partners to manufacture commercial quantities of ETC-1002, if approved.
Licenses
In April 2008, we entered into a license agreement with Pfizer pursuant to which we obtained a worldwide, exclusive, fully paid-up license from Pfizer to certain patent rights owned or controlled by Pfizer relating to ETC-1002, and we granted Pfizer a worldwide, exclusive, fully paid-up license to certain patent rights owned or controlled by us relating to development programs other than ETC-1002. The license to us covers the development, manufacture and commercialization of ETC-1002. We may grant sublicenses under the license. Under the license agreement, Pfizer is restricted from making, using, developing or testing any of the compounds claimed under the same patents that claim or cover the composition of matter of ETC-1002. Neither party is entitled to any royalties, milestones or any similar development or commercialization payments under the license agreement, and the licenses granted are irrevocable and may not be terminated for any cause, including intentional breaches or breaches caused by gross negligence.
Intellectual Property
We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patents intended to cover our products and compositions, their methods of use and any other inventions that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.
Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. We also rely
84
on know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop, strengthen and maintain the proprietary position of ETC-1002 and our other development programs.
As of April 30, 2013, our patent estate, including patents we own or license from third parties, on a worldwide basis, included approximately 15 issued United States patents and 6 pending United States patent applications and 6 issued patents and 25 pending patent applications in other foreign jurisdictions. Of our worldwide patents and pending applications, only a subset relates to our small molecule program which includes our lead product candidate, ETC-1002. ETC-1002 is claimed in U.S. Patent No. 7,335,799 that is scheduled to expire in December 2025, which includes 711 days of patent term adjustment, and may be eligible for a patent term extension period of up to 5 years. At least one pending United States patent application claims a method of treatment using ETC-1002. There are currently three issued patents and four pending applications in countries outside the United States that relate to ETC-1002.
A second subset of this portfolio relates to our early-stage product candidate ESP41091. ESP41091 is claimed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,119,221 and 7,405,226. Various methods of treatment using ESP41091 are claimed in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,153,690 and 8,309,604 and in at least one other pending application in the United States. There are currently two issued patents and four pending applications in countries outside the United States that relate to ESP41091.
Our 4WF patent portfolio currently consists of 19 issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions regarding apolipoprotein mixtures, dimeric oxidation-resistant apolipoprotein variants and oxidant resistant apolipoprotein A1 variants and mimetic peptides thereof.
We hold an exclusive, worldwide, fully paid-up license from Pfizer to some of these patents and patent applications. This license is described above.
In addition, only a subset of our worldwide patents and pending patent applications relates to our third drug candidate Apolipoprotein A1-4WF. Apolipoprotein A1-4WF is claimed in United States Patent No. 8,143,224B2. United States Patent No. 8,143,224 is set to expire on July 12, 2030. In addition, various methods of treatment using Apolipoprotein A1-4WF are claimed in United States Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0264677. There are approximately 15 pending patent applications in countries outside the United States that relate to Apolipoprotein A1-4WF and its use in various methods of treatment.
The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing the non-provisional application. In the United States, a patent's term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier-filed patent. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period. However, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also twenty years from the earliest effective filing date. Our issued patents will expire on dates ranging from 2021 to 2030. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a claim by claim basis for each applicable product, from country to country and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.
Furthermore, the patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical products and processes like those we intend to develop and commercialize are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such patents has
85
emerged to date in the U.S. The patent situation outside the U.S. is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. and other countries can diminish our ability to protect our inventions, and enforce our intellectual property rights and more generally, could affect the value of intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents.
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our drugs and technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know whether any of the patent applications that we may file or license from third parties will result in the issuance of any patents. The issued patents that we own or may receive in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may be able to independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or duplicate our technology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a drug we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our drugs can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent.
As a result of the America Invents Act of 2011, the United States transitioned to a first-inventor-to-file system in March 2013, under which, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent. This will require us to minimize the time from invention to the filing of a patent application.
We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets and unpatented know-how to protect our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our consultants, scientific advisors and contractors and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants, contractors or collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. For more information, please see "Risk FactorsRisks Related to our Intellectual Property."
Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patent would require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, or our drugs or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights that we may require to develop or commercialize our future drugs may have a material adverse impact on us. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the U.S. that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, to determine priority of invention.
In addition, substantial scientific and commercial research has been conducted for many years in the areas in which we have focused our development efforts, which has resulted in third parties having a number of issued patents and pending patent applications. Patent applications in the U.S. and elsewhere are published only after eighteen months from the priority date. The publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature frequently occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries were made. Therefore, patent applications relating to drugs similar to ETC-1002 and any future drugs, discoveries or technologies we might develop may have already been filed by others without our knowledge.
86
Competition
Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our potential competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies, academic institutions, government agencies and research institutions. Key competitive factors affecting the commercial success of our product candidates are likely to be efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, reliability, convenience of dosing, price and reimbursement.
The market for cholesterol regulating therapies is especially large and competitive. The product candidates we are currently developing, if approved, will face intense competition, either as monotherapies or as combination therapies.
Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of product candidates, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products and the commercialization of those products. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a small number of our competitors. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we may be in obtaining FDA approval for drugs and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors' drugs may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any drug we may commercialize and may render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of developing and commercializing any of our product candidates. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter the market and advanced technologies become available. Finally, the development of new treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could render our drugs non-competitive or obsolete. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to our Business and the Clinical Development and Commercialization of ETC-1002Our market is subject to intense competition. If we are unable to compete effectively, our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of ETC-1002, if approved, will be materially adversely affected," and elsewhere in this prospectus for more information regarding competitors and competitive products.
Regulatory Matters
Government Regulation and Product Approval
Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level, and other countries, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, marketing, export and import of products such as those we are developing. Our product candidates, including ETC-1002, must be approved by the FDA through the new drug application, or NDA, process before they may legally be marketed in the United States.
United States Drug Development Process
In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process, or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the FDA's refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. The process
87
required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:
The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.
Once a pharmaceutical product candidate is identified for development, it enters the non-clinical, also referred to as pre-clinical, testing stage. Non-clinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity, formulation and stability, as well as animal studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the non-clinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, to the FDA as part of the IND. The sponsor must also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the initial clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated if the initial clinical trial lends itself to an efficacy evaluation. Some non-clinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA places the clinical trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may be imposed by the FDA at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance, and may be imposed on all drug products within a certain class of drugs. The FDA also can impose partial clinical holds, for example prohibiting the initiation of clinical trials of a certain duration or for a certain dose.
All clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCP regulations. These regulations include the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, an institutional review board, or IRB, must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at any institution. An IRB considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trial are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the information regarding the clinical trial and the consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed.
Each new clinical protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the IND for FDA review, and to the IRBs for approval. Protocols detail, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety.
88
Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:
Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 testing may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB's requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.
Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the product and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.
U.S. Review and Approval Processes
The results of product development, non-clinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on the drug proposed labeling and other relevant information, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA for a new drug, requesting approval to market the product. The submission of an NDA is subject to the payment of a substantial user fee; a waiver of such fee may be obtained under certain limited circumstances. For example, the agency will waive the application fee for the first human drug application that a small business or its affiliate submits for review.
In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, or PREA, an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers.
The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted to ensure that they are sufficiently complete for substantive review before it accepts them for filing. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the NDA must be re-submitted with the additional information.
89
The re-submitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether a product is safe and effective for its intended use and whether its manufacturing is cGMP-compliant to assure and preserve the product's identity, strength, quality and purity. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The FDA may refer the NDA to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. An advisory committee is a panel of experts who provide advice and recommendations when requested by the FDA on matters of importance that come before the agency. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee.
The approval process is lengthy and difficult and the FDA may refuse to approve an NDA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional clinical data or other data and information. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. The FDA will issue a complete response letter if the agency decides not to approve the NDA in its present form. The complete response letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies that the FDA identified in the NDA. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials. Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place the application in a condition for approval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application or request an opportunity for a hearing.
If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling. In addition, the FDA may require Phase 4 testing which involves clinical trials designed to further assess a drug's safety and effectiveness after NDA approval and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized.
Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity
Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of the use of our product candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product's approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we intend to apply for restorations of patent term for some of our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond their current expiration dates, depending on the expected length of the
90
clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA, however there can be no assurance that any such extension will be granted to us.
Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the original active agent. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the non-clinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.
Pediatric exclusivity is another type of exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, provides an additional six months to an existing exclusivity or statutory delay in approval resulting from a patent certification. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent delay, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric clinical trial in accordance with an FDA-issued "Written Request" for such a clinical trial.
Post-Approval Requirements
Any drugs for which we receive FDA approval are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, complying with certain electronic records and signature requirements and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements. The FDA strictly regulates labeling, advertising, promotion and other types of information on products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. Further, manufacturers of drugs must continue to comply with cGMP requirements, which are extensive and require considerable time, resources and ongoing investment to ensure compliance. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented and other types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval.
Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacturing and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. The cGMP requirements apply to all stages of the manufacturing process, including the production, processing, sterilization, packaging, labeling, storage and shipment of the drug. Manufacturers must establish validated systems to ensure that products meet specifications and regulatory standards, and test each product batch or lot prior to its release. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical quantities of our product candidates. Future FDA and state inspections may identify compliance issues at the facilities of our contract
91
manufacturers that may disrupt production or distribution or may require substantial resources to correct.
The FDA may withdraw a product approval if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Further, the failure to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements may result in administrative or judicial actions, such as fines, warning letters, holds on clinical trials, product recalls or seizures, product detention or refusal to permit the import or export of products, refusal to approve pending applications or supplements, restrictions on marketing or manufacturing, injunctions or civil or criminal penalties.
From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced and passed in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the approval, manufacturing and marketing of products regulated by the FDA. In addition to new legislation, the FDA regulations and policies are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our product candidates. It is impossible to predict whether further legislative or FDA regulation or policy changes will be enacted or implemented and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be.
Foreign Regulation
In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates to the extent we choose to sell any products outside of the United States. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. As in the United States, post-approval regulatory requirements, such as those regarding product manufacture, marketing, or distribution would apply to any product that is approved outside the United States.
Employees
As of April 30, 2013, we had 13 full-time employees and no part-time employees. Two of our employees have Ph.D. degrees. Nine of our employees are engaged in research and development activities. None of our employees is represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
Facilities
We lease our facility, which is located at 46701 Commerce Center Drive, Plymouth, Michigan and consists of approximately 2,083 square feet of office and 4,867 square feet of laboratory space. Our lease expires October 2, 2013, and we have an option to extend it through October 2018 and then again through October 2023. We believe our facility is sufficient to meet our needs until the expiration of our lease.
Legal Proceedings
We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.
92
Directors and Executive Officers
The following table presents our directors and executive officers and their respective ages and positions as of April 30, 2013:
Name
|
Age | Position | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Roger S. Newton, Ph.D., FAHA |
62 | Executive Chairman, Chief Scientific Officer and Director | ||
Patrick G. Enright |
51 | Director | ||
Dov A. Goldstein, M.D. |
45 | Director | ||
Daniel Janney |
47 | Director | ||
Louis G. Lange, M.D., Ph.D. |
64 | Director | ||
Nicole Vitullo |
55 | Director | ||
Tim M. Mayleben |
52 | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||
Noah L. Rosenberg, M.D. |
46 | Chief Medical Officer | ||
Troy A. Ignelzi |
45 | Vice PresidentBusiness Development |
Directors
Roger S. Newton, Ph.D., FAHA has served as our Executive Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer since December 2012 and is a fellow of the American Heart Association. He was previously our President and Chief Executive Officer from our founding in 2008 to December 2012. Prior to joining our company, he was Senior Vice President, Pfizer Global R&D from 2004 to 2008. He was a Co-founder, President & CEO of the original Esperion from July 1998 until its acquisition by Pfizer in 2004. Prior to founding the original Esperion, Dr. Newton was Chairman of the Atherosclerosis Drug Discovery Team at Warner Lambert from 1981 to 1998. Dr. Newton is a director of a number of companies including Juventas Therapeutics, Inc. and Rubicon Genomics, Inc. He is also a member of the Technology Advisory Boards of Arboretum Ventures and Metagenics, Inc. Dr. Newton has a Ph.D. in nutrition from the University of California, Davis, a Master of Science degree in nutritional biochemistry from the University of Connecticut, and a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Lafayette College. Dr. Newton's qualifications to sit on our board include his extensive leadership, executive, managerial, business and pharmaceutical company experience, along with his more than 30 years of industry experience in the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products.
Patrick G. Enright became a member of our board of directors in connection with Longitude Capital's purchase of 12,000,000 shares of Series A preferred stock in April 2013. He is a founder of Longitude Capital Management Co., LLC, a venture capital firm focused on investments in biotechnology and has served as its Managing Director since 2007. From 2002 through 2006, Mr. Enright was a Managing Director of Pequot Ventures where he co-led the life sciences investment practice. Prior to Pequot, he was a Managing Member responsible for the Delta Opportunity Fund, where he invested in privately-held and publicly-traded biotechnology companies. He was previously Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of Business Development at Valentis, Inc. (now Urigen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Senior Vice President of Finance and Business Development at Boehringer Mannheim Pharmaceuticals (now F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Ltd.). Mr. Enright is a director of a number of privately-held companies, as well as Corcept Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: CORT) and Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (NASDAQ: JAZZ). Previously, Mr. Enright served on the boards of
93
Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: THLD), Sequenom, Inc. (NASDAQ: SQNM), Valentis, Inc. (NASDAQ: VLTS), Codexis, Inc. (NASDAQ: CDXS) and MAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: MAPP). Mr. Enright received his M.B.A. from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania and his B.S. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University. We believe Mr. Enright's extensive knowledge of finance and experience in the biotechnology industry qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.
Dov A. Goldstein, M.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2008. He has been a partner at Aisling Capital, a private investment firm, since 2008. From 2006 to 2008, he was a Principal at Aisling Capital. From 2000 to 2005, Dr. Goldstein was Chief Financial Officer of Vicuron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. before its acquisition by Pfizer Inc. From 1998 to 2000, Dr. Goldstein was Director of Venture Analysis at HealthCare Ventures, a privately held investment fund. Dr. Goldstein is a director of a number of companies including ADMA Biologics, Inc., Durata Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: DRTX) and Cempra Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: CEMP). He holds a B.S. in biology from Stanford University, an M.D. from the Yale School of Medicine and an M.B.A. from the Columbia Business School. We believe Dr. Goldstein's experience with financial accounting matters for complex organizations, his prior oversight of the financial reporting process of public companies and his experience working with life sciences companies qualifies him to serve as a member of our board of directors.
Daniel Janney has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2012. Mr. Janney is a managing director at Alta Partners, a life sciences venture capital firm, which he joined in 1996. Prior to joining Alta, from 1993 to 1996, he was a Vice President in Montgomery Securities' healthcare and biotechnology investment banking group, focusing on life sciences companies. Mr. Janney is a director of a number of companies including Alba Therapeutics Corporation, DiscoveRx Corporation, Lithera, Inc., Prolacta Bioscience, Inc. and ViroBay, Inc. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in History from Georgetown University and an M.B.A. from the Anderson School at the University of California, Los Angeles. We believe Mr. Janney's experience working with and serving on the boards of directors of life sciences companies and his experience working in the venture capital industry qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.
Louis G. Lange, M.D., Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2010. Dr. Lange is currently a partner with Asset Management Company, a venture capital firm that he joined in June 2009. Since June 2009, Dr. Lange has also served as a Senior Advisor of Gilead Sciences, Inc. (NYSE: GILD). From April 2009 to June 2009, Dr. Lange served as Executive Vice President, Cardiovascular Therapeutics, of Gilead Sciences, Inc. He was a founder of CV Therapeutics, Inc. and served as its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer from August 1992 until the acquisition of the company by Gilead Sciences, Inc. in April 2009. Dr. Lange holds an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and a Ph.D. in biological chemistry from Harvard University. Dr. Lange's significant operational and business experience with life science companies qualify him to serve as a member of our board of directors.
Nicole Vitullo has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2008. Ms. Vitullo joined Domain Associates, LLC, a venture capital firm with an exclusive focus on life sciences, in 1999 and became a Partner in 2004. From 1992-1999, Ms. Vitullo was Senior Vice President at Rothschild Asset Management, Inc. Ms. Vitullo is a director of a number of companies including Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ACHN), Durata Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: DRTX), Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and VentiRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ms. Vitullo received a B.A. and an M.B.A from the University of Rochester. We believe Ms. Vitullo's experience working with and serving on the boards of directors of life sciences companies and her experience working in the venture capital industry qualifies her to serve on our board of directors.
94
Executive Officers
Tim M. Mayleben has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since December 2012 and as a member of our board of directors since February 2010. Prior to joining Esperion, from December 2009 to December 2012, Mr. Mayleben was President and CEO and a director of Aastrom Biosciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: ASTM). He is also an advisor to, investor in, and member of the board of directors of several life science companies, including Intelliject Corporation, Lycera Corporation and DeNovo Sciences, through his advisory and investment firms, ElMa Advisors and Esperance BioVentures. Previously from 2007 to 2008, Mr. Mayleben served as President, COO and a director of NightHawk Radiology Holdings, Inc. Prior to joining Nighthawk, Mr. Mayleben was the Chief Operating Officer of the original Esperion, until its acquisition by Pfizer in 2004. Mr. Mayleben earned an M.B.A., with distinction, from the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University, and a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Michigan, Ross School of Business. Mr. Mayleben's years of experience in the life sciences industry, including over a decade of experience as an executive officer of several life sciences companies, qualifies him to sit on our board.
Noah L. Rosenberg, M.D. has served as our Chief Medical Officer since February 2012. From 2007 to 2010, Dr. Rosenberg served as a Senior Medical Director at Sanofi. From 2005 to 2007, Dr. Rosenberg served as a Medical Director at Sanofi. From 2000 to 2005, Dr. Rosenberg served as a Medical Director at Pfizer Inc. Dr. Rosenberg earned an M.D. from Drexel University and a B.A. in Natural Sciences from The Johns Hopkins University.
Troy A. Ignelzi has served as our Vice PresidentBusiness Development since January 2010. Prior to joining Esperion, from 2007 to 2010, Mr. Ignelzi served as Vice PresidentBusiness Development and Strategic Planning of Insys Therapeutics, Inc. Prior to his employment with Insys, Mr. Ignelzi worked as a sales and marketing professional in the neuroscience division with Eli Lilly and Company. Mr. Ignelzi received a B.S. from Ferris State University.
Composition of our Board of Directors
Our board of directors currently consists of six members, all of whom were elected pursuant to the board composition provisions of a voting agreement, which will terminate immediately prior to the closing of this offering. Upon the termination of these provisions, there will be no further contractual obligations regarding the election of our directors. Our nominating and corporate governance committee and board of directors may therefore consider a broad range of factors relating to the qualifications and background of nominees, which may include diversity and is not limited to race, gender or national origin. We have no formal policy regarding board diversity. Our nominating and corporate governance committee's and board of directors' priority in selecting board members is identification of persons who will further the interests of our stockholders through his or her established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business, understanding of the competitive landscape and professional and personal experiences and expertise relevant to our growth strategy. Our directors hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until the earlier of their resignation or removal.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the completion of this offering also provide that our directors may be removed only for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in an annual election of directors, and that any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.
95
Director Independence. Our board of directors has determined that all members of the board of directors, except Dr. Newton and Mr. Mayleben, are independent, as determined in accordance with the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. In making such independence determination, the board of directors considered the relationships that each such non-employee director has with us and all other facts and circumstances that the board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director. In considering the independence of the directors listed above, our board of directors considered the association of our directors with the holders of more than 5% of our common stock. Upon the closing of this offering, we expect that the composition and functioning of our board of directors and each of our committees will comply with all applicable requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market and the rules and regulations of the SEC. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
Staggered board. In accordance with the terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the completion of this offering, our board of directors will be divided into three classes, class I, class II and class III, with each class serving staggered three-year terms. Upon the expiration of the term of a class of directors, directors in that class will be eligible to be elected for a new three-year term at the annual meeting of stockholders in the year in which their term expires.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the completion of this offering provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors. Any additional directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class shall consist of one third of the board of directors.
The division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms may delay or prevent stockholder efforts to effect a change of our management or a change in control.
Board Leadership Structure and Board's Role in Risk Oversight
The positions of our Executive Chairman of the board and Chief Executive Officer are presently separated at Esperion. Separating these positions allows our Chief Executive Officer to focus on our day-to-day business, while allowing the Executive Chairman of the board to lead the board of directors in its fundamental role of providing advice to and independent oversight of management. Our board of directors recognizes the time, effort and energy that the Chief Executive Officer must devote to his position in the current business environment, as well as the commitment required to serve as our Executive Chairman, particularly as the board of directors' oversight responsibilities continue to grow. Our board of directors also believes that this structure ensures a greater role for the independent directors in the oversight of our company and active participation of the independent directors in setting agendas and establishing priorities and procedures for the work of our board of directors. Our board of directors believes its administration of its risk oversight function has not affected its leadership structure. Although our amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect upon the completion of this offering will not require our Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer positions to be separate, our board of directors believes that having separate positions is the appropriate leadership structure for us at this time and demonstrates our commitment to good corporate governance.
Our board of directors oversees the management of risks inherent in the operation of our business and the implementation of our business strategies. Our board of directors performs this oversight role by using several different levels of review. In connection with its reviews of the operations and
96
corporate functions of our company, our board of directors addresses the primary risks associated with those operations and corporate functions. In addition, our board of directors reviews the risks associated with our company's business strategies periodically throughout the year as part of its consideration of undertaking any such business strategies.
Each of our board committees also oversees the management of our company's risk that falls within the committee's areas of responsibility. In performing this function, each committee has full access to management, as well as the ability to engage advisors. Our Vice President, Finance & Business Development reports to the audit committee and is responsible for identifying, evaluating and implementing risk management controls and methodologies to address any identified risks. In connection with its risk management role, our audit committee meets privately with representatives from our independent registered public accounting firm and our Vice President, Finance & Business Development. The audit committee oversees the operation of our risk management program, including the identification of the primary risks associated with our business and periodic updates to such risks, and reports to our board of directors regarding these activities.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, each of which operates pursuant to a separate charter adopted by our board of directors. We expect that the composition and functioning of all of our committees will comply with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the NASDAQ Stock Market and Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations.
Audit committee
, and currently serve on the audit committee, which is chaired by . Under the applicable NASDAQ rules, we are permitted to phase in our compliance with the independent audit committee requirements set forth in NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii) on the same schedule as we are permitted to phase in our compliance with the independent audit committee requirement pursuant to Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(A) under the Exchange Act, which require (1) one independent member at the time of listing; (2) a majority of independent members within 90 days of listing; and (3) all independent members within one year of listing. Our board of directors has determined that each of and is an independent director under the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. Within one year of our listing on the NASDAQ Global Market, we expect that will resign from our audit committee and be replaced with a new director who is independent under NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii) and Rule 10A-3. Our board of directors has designated as an "audit committee financial expert," as defined under the applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The audit committee's responsibilities include:
97
Compensation committee
, and currently serve on the compensation committee, which is chaired by . Our board of directors has determined that each member of the compensation committee is "independent" as that term is defined in the applicable NASDAQ Stock Market rules. The compensation committee's responsibilities include:
Nominating and corporate governance committee
, and currently serve on the nominating and corporate governance committee, which is chaired by . Our board of directors has determined that
98
each member of the nominating and corporate governance committee is "independent" as that term is defined in the applicable NASDAQ Stock Market rules. The nominating and corporate governance committee's responsibilities include:
Our board of directors may establish other committees from time to time.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of the members of our compensation committee has at any time during the prior three years been one of our officers or employees. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past fiscal year has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee.
Corporate Governance
Prior to the completion of this offering, we will adopt a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Following the completion of this offering, a current copy of the code will be posted on the Corporate Governance section of our website, which is located at www.esperion.com. If we make any substantive amendments to, or grant any waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.
99
EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
Executive Compensation Overview
Our primary objective with respect to executive compensation is to attract and retain individuals who possess knowledge, experience and skills that we believe are important to our business of developing and commercializing novel therapeutics for patients with elevated levels of LDL-C.
Specifically, our compensation programs are designed to:
Our compensation committee oversees our compensation and benefit plans and policies, administers our equity incentive plans and reviews and approves annually all compensation decisions relating to all of our executive officers. The compensation committee considers recommendations from our Chief Executive Officer regarding the compensation of the other executive officers identified in the Summary Compensation Table below, who we refer to as the Named Executive Officers, other than himself. Historically, the compensation committee has not retained any independent compensation consultants to help it in making compensation-related decisions.
Following the completion of this offering, our compensation committee will continue to be primarily responsible for developing and implementing our compensation policies and establishing and approving the compensation for all of our executive officers. In the future, our compensation committee may review the compensation packages offered by other similar companies based on survey data and may choose to retain the services of independent compensation consultants from time to time, as it sees fit, in connection with the establishment of cash and equity compensation and related policies. While market data and reports from independent consultants provide useful starting points for compensation decisions, our compensation committee may also take into account factors such as level of responsibility, prior experience, individual performance and internal pay equity in arriving at final compensation decisions.
Executive Compensation Components
Our executive compensation consists of base salary, cash incentive bonuses, equity incentive compensation and broad-based benefits programs. Each of the elements of our executive compensation is discussed in more detail below, including a description of the particular element and how it fits into our overall executive compensation program.
Although we have not adopted any formal guidelines for allocating total compensation between long-term and short-term compensation, cash compensation and non-cash compensation, or among different forms of non-cash compensation, we intend to implement and maintain compensation plans that tie a substantial portion of our executives' overall compensation to the achievement of corporate goals and value-creating milestones, such as the clinical development of ETC-1002 and the establishment and maintenance of key strategic relationships.
Section 162(m) of the Code places a limit of $1 million on the amount of compensation that public companies may deduct in any one year with respect to certain of its Named Executive Officers. Certain performance-based compensation approved by stockholders is not subject to this deduction limit. In addition, as a newly public company, some of our compensation arrangements are not subject to the
100
deduction limit during a transition period. Our compensation committee's strategy in this regard is to be cost and tax efficient. Therefore, whenever possible, the compensation committee intends to structure compensation programs to qualify compensation as performance-based under Section 162(m) of the Code, while maintaining the flexibility in the future to approve arrangements that it deems to be in our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders, even if such arrangements do not always qualify for full tax deductibility.
Annual Cash Compensation
Base Salary
Base salaries for our Named Executive Officers are intended to be competitive with those received by other individuals in similar positions at the companies with which we compete for talent. Base salaries are originally established at the time the executive is hired based on individual experience, skills and expected contributions, our compensation committee's understanding of what executives in similar positions at other peer companies were being paid at such time and are also the result of negotiations with certain executives during the hiring process. The base salaries of our Named Executive Officers are reviewed annually and may be adjusted to reflect market conditions and our executives' performance during the prior year as well as the financial position of the company, or if there is a change in the scope of the officer's responsibilities. We believe that a competitive base salary is a necessary element of any compensation program that is designed to attract and retain talented and experienced executives. We also believe that attractive base salaries can motivate and reward executives for their overall performance.
Cash Incentive Bonuses
Our compensation committee has the authority to award annual performance-based cash bonuses to our executive officers.
Upon the completion of this offering, our Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan which was approved by the board of directors on , will become effective and the Named Executive Officers will be eligible to receive annual cash incentive bonuses thereunder. For a further discussion of the Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan, see "Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan" below.
Equity Incentive Compensation
Equity incentive grants to our Named Executive Officers are currently made at the discretion of our board of directors under our 2008 Incentive Stock Option and Restricted Stock Plan, or the 2008 Plan, and such awards are typically made at the time of hiring and in connection with annual performance reviews during January, if at all. Under the 2008 Plan, the board of directors may grant equity incentive awards in the form of stock options or restricted stock awards.
Each of our Named Executive Officers received an equity incentive award upon his commencement of employment with us. The amount of these initial equity grants was based on the following qualitative factors that are not weighted by our board: the executive's proposed level of responsibility, the competitive market for the executive's position and the executive's potential contribution to the advancement of our clinical and business development programs.
Upon the closing of this offering, equity incentive awards will be granted to our Named Executive Officers under our 2013 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, or the 2013 Plan. For a further discussion of the 2008 Plan and 2013 Plan, see "Equity Compensation Plans and Other Benefit Plans" below.
101
Benefits Programs
In addition to the primary elements of compensation (base salary, cash incentive bonuses and equity incentive compensation) described above, the Named Executive Officers also participate in broad-based employee benefits programs available to all of our employees, including health insurance, life and disability insurance, dental insurance and our 401(k) plan.
Compensation Tables
Summary Compensation Table2012
The following table presents information regarding the total compensation awarded to, earned by, and paid to each individual who served as our chief executive officer at any time during the last completed fiscal year and the two most highly-compensated executive officers (other than the chief executive officer) who were serving as executive officers at the end of the last completed fiscal year for services rendered in all capacities to us for the year ended December 31, 2012. These individuals are our Named Executive Officers for 2012.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Name and principal position |
|
Year |
|
Salary ($) |
|
Bonus ($) |
|
Option awards ($)(4) |
|
Non-equity incentive plan compensation ($) |
|
All other compensation ($) |
|
Total ($) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Roger S. Newton, Ph.D., FAHA, |
2012 | 369,766 | | | | | 369,766 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Tim M. Mayleben, |
2012 | 25,000(1) | | | | | 25,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Noah L. Rosenberg, M.D., |
2012 | 303,276(2) | 15,000(3) | 89,562 | | | 318,276 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Troy A. Ignelzi, |
2012 | 200,813 | | 21,440 | | | 222,253 |
Narrative Disclosure to the Summary Compensation Table
Employment arrangements with our named executive officers
We have entered into an employment agreement or offer letter with each of the named executive officers in connection with his employment with us. These employment agreements and offer letter provide for "at will" employment.
Tim M. Mayleben. On December 3, 2012, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Mayleben for the position of President and Chief Executive Officer which was effective as of
102
December 10, 2012. Pursuant to the terms of Mr. Mayleben's employment agreement, we agreed to grant him an option to purchase 1,911,790 shares of our common stock, which option was subsequently granted on January 16, 2013. Mr. Mayleben currently receives a base salary of $400,000, which is subject to review and adjustment in accordance with company policy. Beginning with the year ending December 31, 2013, Mr. Mayleben is also eligible for an annual discretionary bonus of up to 40% of his base salary, payable at the discretion of the board of directors. The amount of such bonus will be determined annually based upon individual and/or company achievement of certain measurable goals established by the board of directors and Mr. Mayleben. Mr. Mayleben is eligible to participate in employee benefit plans generally available to our executive employees, subject to the terms of those plans.
Troy A. Ignelzi. On January 4, 2010, we entered into an offer letter with Mr. Ignelzi for the position of Executive Director of Finance and Business Development. Mr. Ignelzi currently receives a base salary of $205,000. Mr. Ignelzi is also eligible for an annual performance bonus of up to 25% of his base salary, based on the company's performance and is eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, subject to the terms of those plans.
Roger S. Newton, Ph.D., FAHA. On December 4, 2012, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Newton for the position of Executive Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer which was effective December 10, 2012. Pursuant to the terms of Dr. Newton's employment agreement, we agreed to grant him an option to purchase 531,923 shares of our common stock, which option was subsequently granted on January 16, 2013. Dr. Newton currently receives a base salary of $375,000, which is subject to review and adjustment in accordance with company policy. Beginning with the year ending December 31, 2013, Dr. Newton is also eligible for an annual discretionary bonus of up to 40% of his base salary, payable at the discretion of the board of directors. The amount of such bonus will be determined annually based upon individual and/or company achievement of certain measurable goals established by the board of directors and Dr. Newton. Dr. Newton is eligible to participate in employee benefit plans generally available to our executive employees, subject to the terms of those plans.
Noah L. Rosenberg, M.D. On January 13, 2012, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Rosenberg for the position of Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Rosenberg currently receives a base salary of $335,000, which is subject to review and adjustment at the discretion of the company. Dr. Rosenberg is also eligib